{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:38:14Z","timestamp":1777628294425,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585440000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":333,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007258","name":"State University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007258","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA019925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA019925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA017823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA017823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T14:38:55Z","timestamp":1553611135000},"page":"153-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["General anesthetic exposure in adolescent rats causes persistent maladaptations in cognitive and affective behaviors and neuroplasticity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Justine D.","family":"Landin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Palac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenna M.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvette","family":"Dzumaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Santerre-Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina M.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5711-3709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena I.","family":"Varlinskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda P.","family":"Spear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Scott","family":"Swartzwelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebekah L.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2914-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David F.","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9190-4_2","article-title":"Overview of male-mediated developmental toxicity","volume":"518","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib1","series-title":"The 2005-2006 Survey of Dental Services Rendered","author":"ADA","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15106","article-title":"Synaptic pruning in the female hippocampus is triggered at puberty by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors on dendritic spines","volume":"5","author":"Afroz","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.275","article-title":"Ketamine alters cortical integration of GABAergic interneurons and induces long-term sex-dependent impairments in transgenic Gad67-GFP mice","volume":"5","author":"Aligny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000477","article-title":"Long-term effects of single or multiple neonatal sevoflurane exposures on rat hippocampal ultrastructure","volume":"122","author":"Amrock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200510000-00003","article-title":"Measuring minimum alveolar concentration: more than meets the tail","volume":"103","author":"Antognini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib5","series-title":"ASPS National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Procerdural Statistics","article-title":"2012 plastic surgery statics report. American society of plastic surgeons","author":"ASPS","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00222","article-title":"Ovarian cycle-linked plasticity of delta-GABAA receptor subunits in hippocampal interneurons affects gamma oscillations in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Barth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115374","article-title":"Investigating glutamatergic mechanism in attention and impulse control using rats in a modified 5-choice serial reaction time task","volume":"9","author":"Benn","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2933-15.2016","article-title":"Optogenetic stimulation of prefrontal glutamatergic neurons enhances recognition memory","volume":"36","author":"Benn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2015.05.008","article-title":"Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: minding the gaps in our knowledge of a common postoperative complication in the elderly","volume":"33","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Clin."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10395","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301224110","article-title":"Synaptogenesis and development of pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology in the chimpanzee neocortex resembles humans","volume":"110","author":"Bianchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182644684","article-title":"Are anesthesia and surgery during infancy associated with altered academic performance during childhood?","volume":"117","author":"Block","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.012","article-title":"Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: their function in the CNS and implications for disease","volume":"73","author":"Brickley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181cd7942","article-title":"Volatile anesthetics rapidly increase dendritic spine density in the rat medial prefrontal cortex during synaptogenesis","volume":"112","author":"Briner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318221fbbd","article-title":"Developmental Stage-dependent persistent impact of propofol anesthesia on dendritic spines in the rat medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"115","author":"Briner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307231101","article-title":"Tonic inhibition in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons is mediated by alpha5 subunit-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors","volume":"101","author":"Caraiscos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.03.012","article-title":"Changes in cerebral functional organization during cognitive development","volume":"15","author":"CHasey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.203","article-title":"Prototypic GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol acts preferentially through forebrain high-affinity binding sites","volume":"35","author":"Chandra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22547","article-title":"The medial prefrontal cortex-lateral entorhinal cortex circuit is essential for episodic-like memory and associative object-recognition","volume":"26","author":"Chao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12024","article-title":"Rescuing cocaine-induced prefrontal cortex hypoactivity prevents compulsive cocaine seeking","volume":"496","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12776","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways","volume":"504","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001383","article-title":"Isoflurane anesthesia has long-term consequences on motor and behavioral development in infant rhesus macaques","volume":"126","author":"Coleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000135408.14319.CC","article-title":"Impaired acquisition of spatial memory 2 weeks after isoflurane and isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia in aged rats","volume":"99","author":"Culley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1282-6","article-title":"The role of the delta GABA(A) receptor in ovarian cycle-linked changes in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory","volume":"39","author":"Cushman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001111","article-title":"General anesthesia causes epigenetic histone modulation of c-Fos and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, target genes important for neuronal development in the immature rat hippocampus","volume":"124","author":"Dalla Massara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00608-X","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"387","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182147f42","article-title":"Early childhood exposure to anesthesia and risk of developmental and behavioral disorders in a sibling birth cohort","volume":"113","author":"DiMaggio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/13.9.950","article-title":"Age-related dendritic and spine changes in corticocortically projecting neurons in macaque monkeys","volume":"13","author":"Duan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-010-9366-5","article-title":"The incidence of hypoxemia during surgery: evidence from two institutions","volume":"57","author":"Ehrenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000295805.70887.65","article-title":"Inhaled anesthetics do not combine to produce synergistic effects regarding minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration in rats","volume":"107","author":"Eger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199704000-00028","article-title":"Maturation decreases ethanol minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) more than desflurane MAC in rats","volume":"84","author":"Fang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"issue":"6774","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/35004582","article-title":"Inhibitory threshold for critical-period activation in primary visual cortex","volume":"404","author":"Fagiolini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib30","series-title":"DFA Drug Safety Communication: FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women","author":"FDA","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0149987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149987","article-title":"Chronic drinking during adolescence predisposes the adult rat for continued heavy drinking: neurotrophin and behavioral adaptation after long-term, continuous ethanol exposure","volume":"11","author":"Fernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00101.2007","article-title":"Magnitude and ethanol sensitivity of tonic GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition in dentate gyrus changes from adolescence to adulthood","volume":"97","author":"Fleming","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.100271","article-title":"The prophylactic extraction of third molars: a public health hazard","volume":"97","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2006.06.002","article-title":"A comparison of midazolam and midazolam with remifentanil for patient-controlled sedation during operations on third molars","volume":"45","author":"Garip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402680101","article-title":"Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood","volume":"101","author":"Gogtay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01276","article-title":"Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex","volume":"420","author":"Grutzendler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.9023","article-title":"Persistent opioid use after wisdom tooth extraction","volume":"320","author":"Harbaugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6872","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7872","article-title":"Radixin regulates synaptic GABAA receptor density and is essential for reversal learning and short-term memory","volume":"6","author":"Hausrat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12485","article-title":"Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid: a neglected role in impulsivity","volume":"39","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819b602b","article-title":"Inhibition of p75 neurotrophin receptor attenuates isoflurane-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the neonatal central nervous system","volume":"110","author":"Head","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1787","article-title":"Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits","volume":"6","author":"Hensch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.04.014","article-title":"The shell of the nucleus accumbens has a higher dopamine response compared with the core after non-contingent intravenous ethanol administration","volume":"26","author":"Howard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.113.007468","article-title":"Seeking structural specificity: direct modulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels by alcohols and general anesthetics","volume":"66","author":"Howard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12885","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220412197","article-title":"Neuronal death enhanced by N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists","volume":"97","author":"Ikonomidou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.4296","article-title":"Perioperative outcomes of adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery: the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen-LABS) study","volume":"168","author":"Inge","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00876.2003","article-title":"Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits","volume":"23","author":"Jevtovic-Todorovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.134569","article-title":"Isoflurane is a potent modulator of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in the thalamus","volume":"324","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4645","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0348-12.2012","article-title":"Differential roles of the dorsolateral and midlateral striatum in punished cocaine seeking","volume":"32","author":"Jonkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-015-9585-1","article-title":"Hypermethylation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity-related genes is involved in neonatal sevoflurane exposure-induced cognitive impairments in rats","volume":"29","author":"Ju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819c7124","article-title":"Behavior and development in children and age at the time of first anesthetic exposure","volume":"110","author":"Kalkman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423267","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3423267","article-title":"Emerging roles of filopodia and dendritic spines in motoneuron plasticity during development and disease","volume":"2016","author":"Kanjhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapediatrics.286","article-title":"Recent national trends in the use of adolescent inpatient bariatric surgery: 2000 through 2009","volume":"167","author":"Kelleher","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2012.20.1.125","article-title":"A simple behavioral paradigm to measure impulsive behavior in an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of the spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3486","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of dendrite stability","volume":"14","author":"Koleske","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1997.202-az0337.x","article-title":"Behavioural changes in children following day-case surgery: a 4-week follow-up of 551 children","volume":"52","author":"Kotiniemi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1562-z","article-title":"The role of GABA(A) receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol: a decade of progress","volume":"205","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2265-8","article-title":"Acute effects of alprazolam on risky decision making in humans","volume":"181","author":"Lane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.04.004","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid GABA concentration: relationship with impulsivity and history of suicidal behavior, but not aggression, in human subjects","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.03.011","article-title":"Isoflurane exposure in newborn rats induces long-term cognitive dysfunction in males but not females","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2016.10.008","article-title":"Do anesthetics harm the developing human brain? An integrative analysis of animal and human studies","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.06.022","article-title":"Delta subunit-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid a receptor disinhibits lateral amygdala and facilitates fear expression in mice","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9088-z","article-title":"General anesthesia causes long-lasting disturbances in the ultrastructural properties of developing synapses in young rats","volume":"17","author":"Lunardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318287b850","article-title":"Anesthetics interfere with axon guidance in developing mouse neocortical neurons in vitro via a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor mechanism","volume":"118","author":"Mintz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2572-1","article-title":"Impulsive behaviour induced by both NMDA receptor antagonism and GABAA receptor activation in rat ventromedial prefrontal cortex","volume":"219","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016156108","article-title":"Extrasynaptic delta-containing GABAA receptors in the nucleus accumbens dorsomedial shell contribute to alcohol intake","volume":"108","author":"Nie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0730-0","article-title":"Early exposure to ketamine impairs axonal pruning in developing mouse hippocampus","volume":"55","author":"Obradovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2011.01.001","article-title":"Ketamine anesthesia during the first week of life can cause long-lasting cognitive deficits in rhesus monkeys","volume":"33","author":"Paule","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13281","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105108108","article-title":"Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex","volume":"108","author":"Petanjek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000851","article-title":"Multiple anesthetic exposure in infant monkeys alters emotional reactivity to an acute stressor","volume":"123","author":"Raper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12725","article-title":"Adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure: persistence of structural and functional hippocampal abnormalities into adulthood","volume":"39","author":"Risher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.009","article-title":"Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity: towards dimensional psychiatry","volume":"16","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.027","article-title":"Rosponse to neonatal anesthesia: effect of sex on anatomical and behavioral outcome","volume":"152","author":"Rothstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3267-6","article-title":"Molecular and behavioral characterization of adolescent protein kinase C following high dose ethanol exposure","volume":"231","author":"Santerre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","article-title":"Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner","volume":"74","author":"Schafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh224","article-title":"Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine: morphometric confirmation, exposure parameters, and multiple fluorescent labeling of apoptotic neurons","volume":"81","author":"Scallet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318291c04e","article-title":"Developmental effects of neonatal isoflurane and sevoflurane exposure in rats","volume":"119","author":"Seubert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200701000-00019","article-title":"Effect of isoflurane and other potent inhaled anesthetics on minimum alveolar concentration, learning, and the righting reflex in mice engineered to express alpha1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors unresponsive to isoflurane","volume":"106","author":"Sonner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00014-2","article-title":"The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations","volume":"24","author":"Spear","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00182.x","article-title":"Adolescent neurobehavioral characteristics, alcohol sensitivities, and intake: setting the stage for alcohol use disorders?","volume":"5","author":"Spear","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.05.006","article-title":"Adolescent neurodevelopment","volume":"52","author":"Spear","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.01.027","article-title":"Adolescent alcohol exposure: are there separable vulnerable periods within adolescence?","volume":"148","author":"Spear","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.04.012","article-title":"Adolescent alcohol exposure and persistence of adolescent-typical phenotypes into adulthood: a mini-review","volume":"45C","author":"Spear","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.10","article-title":"Effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on the brain and behaviour","volume":"19","author":"Spear","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181af8015","article-title":"Beyond anesthetic properties: the effects of isoflurane on brain cell death, neurogenesis, and long-term neurocognitive function","volume":"110","author":"Stratmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.134","article-title":"Effect of general anesthesia in infancy on long-term recognition memory in humans and rats","volume":"39","author":"Stratmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6967","article-title":"Association between a single general anesthesia exposure before age 36 Months and neurocognitive outcomes in later childhood","volume":"315","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.08.037","article-title":"Effects of ethanol, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, or their combination on object recognition memory and object preference in adolescent and adult male rats","volume":"527","author":"Swartzwelder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2012.03810.x","article-title":"Neonatal administration with dexmedetomidine does not impair the rat hippocampal synaptic plasticity later in adulthood","volume":"22","author":"Tachibana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr. Anaesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2009.04.0018","article-title":"Effects of ketamine and midazolam on morphology of dendritic spines in hippocampal CA1 region of neonatal mice","volume":"122","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000435846.28299.e7","article-title":"Neonatal exposure to sevoflurane in mice causes deficits in maternal behavior later in adulthood","volume":"120","author":"Takaenoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22664","article-title":"Resolving postoperative neuroinflammation and cognitive decline","volume":"70","author":"Terrando","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.3.217","article-title":"Bariatric surgery in adolescents: recent national trends in use and in-hospital outcome","volume":"161","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldt006","article-title":"The neuroinflammatory response of postoperative cognitive decline","volume":"106","author":"Vacas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00920.x","article-title":"Ethanol-induced social facilitation in adolescent rats: role of endogenous activity at mu opioid receptors","volume":"33","author":"Varlinskaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001373","article-title":"deltaGABAA receptors are necessary for synaptic plasticity in the Hippocampus: implications for memory behavior","volume":"123","author":"Whissell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00146","article-title":"Acutely increasing deltaGABA(A) receptor activity impairs memory and inhibits synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus","volume":"7","author":"Whissell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000344728.34332.5d","article-title":"Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort","volume":"110","author":"Wilder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.203653","article-title":"Estrous cycle regulation of extrasynaptic delta-containing GABA(A) receptor-mediated tonic inhibition and limbic epileptogenesis","volume":"346","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4036-5","article-title":"Inhibition of hyperactivity and impulsivity by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in spontaneously hypertensive rats, an animal model of ADHD","volume":"232","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.274","article-title":"Isoflurane anesthesia induced persistent, progressive memory impairment, caused a loss of neural stem cells, and reduced neurogenesis in young, but not adult, rodents","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."}],"container-title":["Neuropharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0028390818305203?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0028390818305203?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:36:14Z","timestamp":1777426574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0028390818305203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["S0028390818305203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3908","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"General anesthetic exposure in adolescent rats causes persistent maladaptations in cognitive and affective behaviors and neuroplasticity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuropharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}