{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1782124531115,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP142308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP142308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005247","name":"University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Program in Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005247","name":"University of British Columbia Institute of Mental Health Marshalls Scholars Program in Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:17:50Z","timestamp":1591010270000},"page":"108174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Postpartum fluoxetine increased maternal inflammatory signalling and decreased tryptophan metabolism: Clues for efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Wansu","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Duarte-Guterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rand S.","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Lamers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liisa A.M.","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1999.00943.x","article-title":"Maternal depression and child behaviour problems: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Beck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900089","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism in vitamin B6-deficient mice","volume":"63","author":"Bender","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00652-4","article-title":"Differential activation of endocrine-immune networks by arthritis challenge: insights from colony-specific responses","volume":"7","author":"Bodnar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.2.228","article-title":"Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression","volume":"69","author":"Bottiglieri","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.07.012","article-title":"Chronic corticosterone during pregnancy and postpartum affects maternal care, cell proliferation and depressive-like behavior in the dam","volume":"58","author":"Brummelte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2006.04.008","article-title":"High post-partum levels of corticosterone given to dams influence postnatal hippocampal cell proliferation and behavior of offspring: a model of post-partum stress and possible depression","volume":"50","author":"Brummelte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9328","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2281-05.2005","article-title":"Mechanisms of late-onset cognitive decline after early-life stress","volume":"25","author":"Brunson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0834-1","article-title":"Expression of inflammatory markers in women with perinatal depressive symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Buglione-Corbett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Wom. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1254","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1821","article-title":"Inflammation causes tissue-specific depletion of vitamin B6","volume":"7","author":"Chiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623315570339","article-title":"Vaginal cytology of the laboratory rat and mouse: review and criteria for the staging of the estrous cycle using stained vaginal smears","volume":"43","author":"Cora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800408323220","article-title":"Symptoms of postpartum depression associated with elevated levels of interleukin-1 beta during the first month postpartum","volume":"10","author":"Corwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.04.012","article-title":"Bidirectional psychoneuroimmune interactions in the early postpartum period influence risk of postpartum depression","volume":"49","author":"Corwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.06.012","article-title":"Forced swim test behavior in postpartum rats","volume":"96","author":"Craft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(02)02017-5","article-title":"Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs","volume":"23","author":"Cryan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477\u2010504","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2016","article-title":"Neuroimmune interactions: from the brain to the immune system and vice versa","volume":"98","author":"Dantzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.09.019","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for post-partum depression (PPD): a systematic review of randomized clinical trials","author":"De Crescenzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.05.019","article-title":"Altered tryptophan catabolite concentrations in major depressive disorder and associated changes in hippocampal subfield volumes","volume":"95","author":"Doolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib17","first-page":"446","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression","volume":"67","author":"Dowlati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr. Cortical Inhibitory Deficits Depress."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.02.004","article-title":"The long and short term effects of motherhood on the brain","volume":"53","author":"Duarte-Guterman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.04.021","article-title":"Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and lack of anti-depressant-like effect of fluoxetine in lipopolysaccharide-treated old female mice","volume":"48","author":"Duda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.021","article-title":"Early and late effects of maternal experience on hippocampal neurogenesis, microglia, and the circulating cytokine milieu","volume":"78","author":"Eid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.11.031","article-title":"Are the dorsal and ventral hippocampus functionally distinct structures?","volume":"65","author":"Fanselow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3156-04.2005","article-title":"Pup suckling is more rewarding than cocaine: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional computational analysis","volume":"25","author":"Ferris","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.02.023","article-title":"Perinatal depression: embracing variability toward better treatment and outcomes","volume":"102","author":"Galea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.030","article-title":"Premarin has opposing effects on spatial learning, neural activation, and serum cytokine levels in middle-aged female rats depending on reproductive history","volume":"70","author":"Galea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.03.068","article-title":"Gestational stress and fluoxetine treatment differentially affect plasticity, methylation and serotonin levels in the PFC and hippocampus of rat dams","volume":"327","author":"Gemmel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.11.008","article-title":"Effects of stressors and immune activating agents on peripheral and central cytokines in mouse strains that differ in stressor responsivity","volume":"25","author":"Gibb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib27","first-page":"363","article-title":"New insights into the role of perinatal HPA-axis dysregulation in postpartum depression","volume":"47","author":"Glynn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropept., Neuropept. Ment. Health Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.09.017","article-title":"Voluntary running influences the efficacy of fluoxetine in a model of postpartum depression","volume":"128","author":"Gobinath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-003-0024-6","article-title":"The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Grace","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Wom. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2006.11.007","article-title":"Immune, health and endocrine characteristics of depressed postpartum mothers","volume":"32","author":"Groer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.001","article-title":"Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1\u03b2, tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 and C-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Haapakoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.05.005","article-title":"The effects of gestational stress and SSRI antidepressant treatment on structural plasticity in the postpartum brain - a translational model for postpartum depression","volume":"77","author":"Haim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.09.026","article-title":"A survey of neuroimmune changes in pregnant and postpartum female rats","volume":"59","author":"Haim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12752","article-title":"Gestational stress induces persistent depressive-like behavior and structural modifications within the postpartum nucleus accumbens","volume":"40","author":"Haim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.132","article-title":"The effect of antidepressant medication treatment on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines: a meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Hannestad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.05.026","article-title":"Antidepressant treatment resistance is associated with increased inflammatory markers in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"95","author":"Haroon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1091","article-title":"Exposure to chronic pregnancy stress reverses peripartum-associated adaptations: implications for postpartum anxiety and mood disorders","volume":"152","author":"Hillerer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4458","article-title":"Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure","volume":"20","author":"Hoekzema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.07.084","article-title":"Fluoxetine induces dose dependent alterations in depression associated behavior and neural plasticity in female mice","volume":"484","author":"Hodes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b","article-title":"Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Howren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.05.010","article-title":"Tryptophan depletion in depressed patients occurs independent of kynurenine pathway activation","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib43","author":"Hvas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135471","article-title":"Prenatal and postpartum evening salivary cortisol levels in association with peripartum depressive symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Iliadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.04.019","article-title":"Dysfunctional nurturing behavior in rat dams with limited access to nesting material: a clinically relevant model for early-life stress","volume":"154","author":"Ivy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800406294598","article-title":"Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis in postpartum depression","volume":"8","author":"Jolley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0071","article-title":"Large-scale network dysfunction in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.03.004","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of depression: distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"201","author":"Koenigs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2010_108","article-title":"Animal models of depression: molecular perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Krishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07455","article-title":"The molecular neurobiology of depression","volume":"455","author":"Krishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2009.03.016","article-title":"Maternal postpartum learned helplessness (LH) affects maternal care by dams and responses to the LH test in adolescent offspring","volume":"56","author":"Kurata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib52","first-page":"317\u2010328","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as first-line antidepressant therapy for perinatal depression","volume":"62","author":"Latendresse","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Wom. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089912","article-title":"Chronic gestational stress leads to depressive-like behavior and compromises medial prefrontal cortex structure and function during the postpartum period","volume":"9","author":"Leuner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.08.006","article-title":"Revisiting the concept of CNS immune privilege","volume":"35","author":"Louveau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-199711000-00010","article-title":"The forced swimming test as a model for core and component behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. [Review]","volume":"8","author":"Lucki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(99)00043-8","article-title":"Immune activation in the early puerperium is related to postpartum anxiety and depressive symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Maes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.115.3.683","article-title":"Comparison of two positive reinforcing stimuli: pups and cocaine throughout the postpartum period","volume":"115","author":"Mattson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1351-4","article-title":"Preferences for cocaine- or pup-associated chambers differentiates otherwise behaviorally identical postpartum maternal rats","volume":"167","author":"Mattson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0905","article-title":"A meta-analysis examining clinical predictors of hippocampal volume in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"34","author":"McKinnon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib60","article-title":"Performing vaginal lavage, crystal violet staining, and vaginal cytological evaluation for mouse estrous cycle staging identification","volume":"e4389","author":"McLean","year":"2012","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2008.10719720","article-title":"Vitamin B6 is associated with depressive symptomatology in Massachusetts elders","volume":"27","author":"Merete","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.051169","article-title":"Multianalyte quantification of vitamin B6 and B2 species in the nanomolar range in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"51","author":"Midttun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4013","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of biomarkers related to B-vitamin status, tryptophan metabolism and inflammation in human plasma by liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"23","author":"Midttun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.12.015","article-title":"Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokines in perinatal depression","volume":"220","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155037","article-title":"Limited nesting stress alters maternal behavior and in vivo intestinal permeability in male wistar pup rats","volume":"11","author":"Moussaoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.21.2582","article-title":"New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study","volume":"296","author":"Munk-Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000147","article-title":"Social stress during lactation, depressed maternal care, and neuropeptidergic gene expression","volume":"26","author":"Murgatroyd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.04.003","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism and immunogenetics in major depression: a role for interferon-\u03b3 gene","volume":"31","author":"Myint","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Inflamm. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.07.013","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway in major depression: evidence of impaired neuroprotection","volume":"98","author":"Myint","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.605487","article-title":"Effects of chronic social stress during lactation on maternal behavior and growth in rats","volume":"14","author":"Nephew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.201","article-title":"Sustained neurobehavioral effects of exposure to SSRI antidepressants during development: molecular to clinical evidence","volume":"86","author":"Oberlander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e906","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13r08908","article-title":"Plasma L-tryptophan concentration in major depressive disorder: new data and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Ogawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.03.023","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Ogyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/09540269609037816","article-title":"Rates and risk of postpartum depression\u2014a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019hara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.148361","article-title":"Effect of long-term supplementation with folic acid and B vitamins on risk of depression in older women","volume":"206","author":"Okereke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.07.015","article-title":"Changes in sleep quality, but not hormones predict time to postpartum depression recurrence","volume":"130","author":"Okun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.03.019","article-title":"Perinatal depression \u2013 the fourth inflammatory morbidity of pregnancy? Theory and literature review","volume":"38","author":"Osborne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.06.017","article-title":"Antenatal depression programs cortisol stress reactivity in offspring through increased maternal inflammation and cortisol in pregnancy: the Psychiatry Research and Motherhood \u2013 depression (PRAM-D) Study","author":"Osborne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.10.021","article-title":"Paroxetine blunts the corticosterone response to swim-induced stress and increases depressive-like behavior in a rat model of postpartum depression","volume":"89","author":"Overgaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.07.031","article-title":"Reproductive experience alters hippocampal neurogenesis during the postpartum period in the dam","volume":"149","author":"Pawluski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.02.012","article-title":"Stress and the pregnant female: impact on hippocampal cell proliferation, but not affective-like behaviors","volume":"59","author":"Pawluski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.11.011","article-title":"An investigation into the effects of antenatal stressors on the postpartum neuroimmune profile and depressive-like behaviors","volume":"298","author":"Posillico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0926-y","article-title":"The maternal reward system in postpartum depression","volume":"22","author":"Post","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Wom. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00055-8","article-title":"Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: a latent class analysis","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib87","article-title":"An integrated meta-analysis of peripheral blood metabolites and biological functions in major depressive disorder","author":"Pu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006","article-title":"Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature","volume":"26","author":"Robertson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003721","article-title":"Relationship of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 with depression in a middle-aged community sample","volume":"35","author":"Sachdev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib90","series-title":"Inflammation-Associated Depression: Evidence, Mechanisms and Implications, Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences","first-page":"249","article-title":"Role of kynurenine metabolism pathway activation in major depressive disorders","author":"Savitz","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14983","article-title":"Vitamin B6 inhibits macrophage activation to prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced acute pneumonia in mice","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-016-0709-2","article-title":"A closer look at the preventative effect of antidepressants in postpartum depression","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Wom. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib94","article-title":"Are antidepressants effective in the treatment of postpartum depression? A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta14430","article-title":"A pragmatic randomised controlled trial to compare antidepressants with a community-based psychosocial intervention for the treatment of women with postnatal depression: the RESPOND trial","volume":"14","author":"Sharp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.06.016","article-title":"An examination of changes in maternal neuroimmune function during pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"66","author":"Sherer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Shorey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181e7be23","article-title":"Disposition of chiral and racemic fluoxetine and norfluoxetine across childbearing","volume":"30","author":"Sit","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.04.003","article-title":"Risk of postpartum depression in association with serum leptin and interleukin-6 levels at delivery: a nested case\u2013control study within the UPPSAT cohort","volume":"34","author":"Skalkidou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.11.006","article-title":"An inflammatory review of glucocorticoid actions in the CNS","volume":"21","author":"Sorrells","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290\u2010299","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2015.29002","article-title":"ABM clinical protocol #18: use of antidepressants in breastfeeding mothers","volume":"10","author":"Sriraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.01.011","article-title":"The relationship between plasma serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolite levels and the treatment response to escitalopram and desvenlafaxine","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10427","article-title":"Prospective longitudinal study of predictors of postpartum-onset depression in women with a history of major depressive disorder","volume":"78","author":"Suri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.08.001","article-title":"Defective inflammatory pathways in never-treated depressed patients are associated with poor treatment response","volume":"99","author":"Syed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.05.028","article-title":"Changes in tryptophan metabolism during pregnancy and postpartum periods: potential involvement in postpartum depressive symptoms","volume":"255","author":"Teshigawara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.064","article-title":"Tryptophan pathway alterations in the postpartum period and in acute postpartum psychosis and depression","volume":"189","author":"Veen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.6.1001","article-title":"Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later","volume":"163","author":"Weissman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib108","article-title":"Characteristics of women with different perinatal depression trajectories","author":"Wikman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.87","article-title":"Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings","volume":"70","author":"Wisner","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2012.02380.x","article-title":"Postpartum corticosterone administration reduces dendritic complexity and increases the density of mushroom spines of hippocampal CA3 arbours in dams","volume":"25","author":"Workman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.11.027","article-title":"Parity modifies the effects of fluoxetine and corticosterone on behavior, stress reactivity, and hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"105","author":"Workman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0420","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of postpartum women with new onset major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial with paroxetine","volume":"69","author":"Yonkers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0385-y","article-title":"Pyridoxine enhances cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation by upregulating the GABAergic system in the mouse dentate gyrus","volume":"36","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.277","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2: a new regulator of the kynurenine pathway affecting human hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"37","author":"Zunszain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"}],"container-title":["Neuropharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0028390820302422?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0028390820302422?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T07:05:51Z","timestamp":1758438351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0028390820302422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["S0028390820302422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3908","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Postpartum fluoxetine increased maternal inflammatory signalling and decreased tryptophan metabolism: Clues for efficacy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuropharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108174","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108174"}}