{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:43:21Z","timestamp":1792111401097,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,30]],"date-time":"2004-01-30T05:15:37Z","timestamp":1075439737000},"page":"299-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Spermine reduces infarction and neurological deficit following a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion: a magnetic resonance imaging study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"M.D","family":"Shirhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.M","family":"Moochhala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.-Y","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.C","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.L","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.Y","family":"Sitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Rumpel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200005000-00007","article-title":"Modulation by nitric oxide of cerebral neutrophil accumulation after transient focal ischemia in rats","volume":"20","author":"Batteur-Parmentier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459708988465","article-title":"The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME on NO production during focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"89","author":"Balkan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00065-3","article-title":"The cellular localization of the l-ornithine decarboxylase\/spermine system in normal and diseases central nervous systems","volume":"57","author":"Berstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14410.x","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of nitric oxide inhibitor in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"106","author":"Buisson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)00856-9","article-title":"Exogenous spermine reduces ischemic damage in a model of focal cerebral ischemia in the rat","volume":"282","author":"Coert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.48.1.489","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase role in the genesis of vascular disease","volume":"48","author":"Cooke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02686-9","article-title":"L-NAME reduces infarct, neurological deficit and blood-brain barrier disruption following cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"457","author":"Ding-Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)01973-9","article-title":"Spermine is neuroprotective against anoxia and N-methyl-d-aspartate in hippocampal slices","volume":"859","author":"Ferchmin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701427","article-title":"Calcium-independent NO-synthase activity and nitrites\/nitrates production in transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"122","author":"Grandati","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(91)90102-I","article-title":"Polyamines can protect against ischemia-induced nerve cell death in gerbil forebrain","volume":"111","author":"Gilad","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03160034","article-title":"Accumulation of exogenous polyamines in gerbil brain after ischemia","volume":"18","author":"Gilad","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Chem Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(82)90118-X","article-title":"Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N] nitrate in biological fluids","volume":"126","author":"Green","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.8.1974","article-title":"Role of endothelial nitric oxide generation and peroxynitrite formation in reperfusion injury after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"31","author":"Gursoy-Ozdemir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00011-5","article-title":"Polyamines prevent apoptotic cell death in cultured cerebellar granule neurons","volume":"753","author":"Harada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7522345","article-title":"Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase","volume":"265","author":"Huang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.8.1373","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in vascular cells after transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"27","author":"Iadecola","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9157","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09157.1997","article-title":"Delayed reduction of ischemia brain injury and neurological deficits in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene","volume":"17","author":"Iadecola","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199611000-00009","article-title":"Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on brain infarction in SOD-1-trangenic mice following transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"16","author":"Kamii","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702119","article-title":"iNOS contribution to the NMDA-induced excitotoxic lesion the rat striatum","volume":"125","author":"Lecanu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.1.84","article-title":"Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats","volume":"20","author":"Longa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00380-5","article-title":"Neuroprotection by aminoguanidine after lateral fluid-percussive brain injury in rats","volume":"44","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0700889","article-title":"Dose- and time-dependence of L-NAME neuroprotection in transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"120","author":"Margaill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00368-4","article-title":"Preservation of neurological functions by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors following hemorrhagic shock","volume":"44","author":"Ng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salom JB, Orti M, Centeno JM, Torregrosa G, Alborch E (2000) Reduction of infarct size by the NO donors sodium nitroprusside and spermine\/NO after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 149\u2013156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02095-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.6.1283","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase in models of focal ischemia","volume":"28","author":"Samdani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198803000-00010","article-title":"Experimental closed head injury in rats","volume":"16","author":"Shapiro","year":"1988","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6627","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of polyamines and pharmacological neuroprotection in cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells","volume":"148","author":"Sparapani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-5428(95)00023-2","article-title":"Neuroprotective and deleterious effects of nitric oxide on focal cerebral ischemia-induced neuron death","volume":"5","author":"Verrecchia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1995.73","article-title":"Time dependence of effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on cerebral ischemic damage","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306452203008534?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306452203008534?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T04:20:51Z","timestamp":1550204451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306452203008534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306452203008534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.10.050","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4522","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}