{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T23:10:47Z","timestamp":1794438647449,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neurotherapeuticsjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T17:26:32Z","timestamp":1739640392000},"page":"e00550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The thalamus: Structure, function, and neurotherapeutics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Lara V.","family":"Marcuse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie","family":"Langan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Hof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fedor","family":"Panov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Saez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joohi","family":"Jimenez-Shahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Figee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Mayberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Yeoun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saadi","family":"Ghatan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priti","family":"Balchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline C.","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.001","article-title":"Routes of the thalamus through the history of neuroanatomy","volume":"125","author":"Cassel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2021.744095","article-title":"The epic of the thalamus in anatomical language","volume":"15","author":"Garc\u00eda-Cabezas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib3","series-title":"Nolte's the Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy","author":"Vanderah","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(91)90033-Y","article-title":"Early development of the human thalamus: golgi and Nissl study","volume":"27","author":"Mojsilovi\u0107","year":"1991","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(71)90286-0","article-title":"Rhythmic activity in the thalamus of the unanaesthetized decorticate cat","volume":"31","author":"Andersson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1967.sp008299","article-title":"Some factors involved in the thalamic control of spontaneous barbiturate spindles","volume":"192","author":"Andersen","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.05.015","article-title":"Neurons that fire together also conspire together: is normal sleep circuitry hijacked to generate epilepsy?","volume":"62","author":"Beenhakker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.03.007","article-title":"Sleep, epilepsy and thalamic reticular inhibitory neurons","volume":"28","author":"Steriade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8235588","article-title":"Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain","volume":"262","author":"Steriade","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib10","series-title":"The cerebral cortex and thalamus","first-page":"13","article-title":"Thalamus and prethalamus cell types and their interconnections","author":"Bickford","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.06.005","article-title":"Thalamocortical circuit motifs: a general framework","volume":"103","author":"Halassa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01714-8","article-title":"Tonic and burst firing: dual modes of thalamocortical relay","volume":"24","author":"Sherman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.12.7121","article-title":"On the actions that one nerve cell can have on another: distinguishing \u201cdrivers\u201d from \u201cmodulators","volume":"95","author":"Sherman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90391.2008","article-title":"Synaptic properties of thalamic and intracortical inputs to layer 4 of the first- and higher-order cortical areas in the auditory and somatosensory systems","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib15","series-title":"Exploring the Thalamus","author":"Sherman","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-080317-062144","article-title":"Toward an integrative theory of thalamic function","volume":"41","author":"Rikhye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0269-z","article-title":"Thalamic regulation of switching between cortical representations enables cognitive flexibility","volume":"21","author":"Rikhye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.05.024","article-title":"Salience-based progression of visual attention","volume":"224","author":"Michael","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90354-B","article-title":"The pulvinar and visual salience","volume":"15","author":"Robinson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2018.00114","article-title":"Toward a common terminology for the thalamus","volume":"12","author":"Mai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-007-0170-0","article-title":"Human pallidothalamic and cerebellothalamic tracts: anatomical basis for functional stereotactic neurosurgery","volume":"212","author":"Gallay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.042","article-title":"A mean three-dimensional atlas of the human thalamus: generation from multiple histological data","volume":"49","author":"Krauth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib23","series-title":"Stereotactic Atlas of the Human Thalamus and Basal Ganglia","author":"Morel","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib24","series-title":"Anatomy of the Normal Human Thalamus","article-title":"Attempt at standardization of nomenclature","author":"Hassler","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000436078.95856.56","article-title":"Anterior nucleus of the thalamus","volume":"81","author":"Child","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1937.02260220069003","article-title":"A proposed mechanism of emotion","volume":"38","author":"Papez","year":"1937","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16240","article-title":"Temporal association between sleep spindles and ripples in the human anterior and mediodorsal thalamus","volume":"59","author":"Szal\u00e1rdy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.61.3.488","article-title":"Further physiological observations on the ventralis intermedius neurons in the human thalamus","volume":"61","author":"Ohye","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib29","author":"Jones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1982.48.2.352","article-title":"Neocortical and caudate projections of intralaminar thalamic neurons and their synaptic excitation from midbrain reticular core","volume":"48","author":"Steriade","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902770204","article-title":"Mediodorsal nucleus: areal, laminar, and tangential distribution of afferents and efferents in the frontal lobe of rhesus monkeys","volume":"277","author":"Giguere","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67770-4","article-title":"The anterior and medial thalamic nuclei and the human limbic system: tracing the structural connectivity using diffusion-weighted imaging","volume":"10","author":"Grodd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.031","article-title":"Mediodorsal and ventromedial thalamus engage distinct L1 circuits in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"109","author":"Anastasiades","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib34","first-page":"1","article-title":"The diagnosis of stupor and coma","volume":"10","author":"Plum","year":"1972","journal-title":"Contemp Neurol Ser"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2008.09.016","article-title":"The primate centromedian-parafascicular complex: anatomical organization with a note on neuromodulation","volume":"78","author":"Sadikot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.652764","article-title":"Rostral intralaminar thalamus engagement in cognition and behavior","volume":"15","author":"Cover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4269","article-title":"Thalamus plays a central role in ongoing cortical functioning","volume":"19","author":"Sherman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz056","article-title":"Dissociating thalamic alterations in alcohol use disorder defines specificity of Korsakoff's syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Segobin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz096","article-title":"Thalamus: a key player in alcohol use disorder and Korsakoff's syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Tuladhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.02.001","article-title":"Fatal familial insomnia: a model disease in sleep physiopathology","volume":"9","author":"Montagna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087786.38997.9E","article-title":"Vascular syndromes of the thalamus","volume":"34","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2019.1058","article-title":"Interictal epileptiform discharges in sleep and the role of the thalamus in encephalopathy related to status epilepticus during slow sleep","volume":"21","author":"Gibbs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182582ff8","article-title":"Early thalamic lesions in patients with sleep-potentiated epileptiform activity","volume":"78","author":"S\u00e1nchez Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.10.015","article-title":"Sleep-potentiated epileptiform activity in early thalamic injuries: study in a large series (60 cases)","volume":"109","author":"Losito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.109031","article-title":"High incidence of early thalamic lesions in the Continuous Spike-Wave related with slow Sleep (CSWS)","volume":"138","author":"Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.01.010","article-title":"Reduced thalamic volume in patients with electrical status epilepticus in sleep","volume":"130","author":"S\u00e1nchez Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-019-01202-7","article-title":"Reduced thalamic volume is strongly associated with electrical status epilepticus in sleep","volume":"121","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.10.010","article-title":"Electrical status epilepticus in sleep: the role of thalamus in etiopathogenesis","volume":"93","author":"Kilic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl151","article-title":"The role of corticothalamic coupling in human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"129","author":"Guye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac234","article-title":"Towards network-guided neuromodulation for epilepsy","volume":"145","author":"Piper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/15357597211029507","article-title":"Arousal and consciousness in focal seizures","volume":"21","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70188-6","article-title":"Impaired consciousness in epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb01803.x","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the mammillary nuclei increases seizure threshold to pentylenetetrazol in rats","volume":"35","author":"Mirski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(55)90063-8","article-title":"Thalamocortical recruiting responses in sensory receiving areas in the cat","volume":"7","author":"Jasper","year":"1955","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2023.107219","article-title":"Advancing the frontiers of thalamic neuromodulation: a review of emerging targets and paradigms","volume":"196","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13047","article-title":"Anterior thalamic deep brain stimulation in refractory epilepsy: a randomized, double-blinded study","author":"Herrman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02536.x","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy","volume":"51","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26280","article-title":"DBS of thalamic centromedian nucleus for Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome (ESTEL trial)","volume":"91","author":"Dalic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib59","series-title":"RNS\u00ae system responsive thalamic stimulation for primary generalized seizures (NAUTILUS) study (clinical trial registration No. NCT05147571)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib60","series-title":"RNS system Feasibility study of thalamocortical brain-responsive neurostimulation for the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (clinical trial registration No. NCT05339126)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.92.15_supplement.S36.007","article-title":"Characterization of multidien rhythms in patients with epilepsy (S36.007)","volume":"92","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001280","article-title":"Long-term treatment with responsive brain stimulation in adults with refractory partial seizures","volume":"84","author":"Bergey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010154","article-title":"Nine-year prospective efficacy and safety of brain-responsive neurostimulation for focal epilepsy","volume":"95","author":"Nair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.2073","article-title":"Brief bursts of pulse stimulation terminate afterdischarges caused by cortical stimulation","volume":"53","author":"Lesser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.0658","article-title":"Association of closed-loop brain stimulation neurophysiological features with seizure control among patients with focal epilepsy","volume":"76","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00401-x","article-title":"Unearthing the mechanisms of responsive neurostimulation for epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50858","article-title":"Responsive neurostimulation targeting anterior thalamic nucleus in generalized epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Herlopian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.5.PEDS20118","article-title":"Safety of responsive neurostimulation in pediatric patients with medically refractory epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Panov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51173","article-title":"Centromedian thalamic responsive neurostimulation for Lennox-Gastaut epilepsy and autism","volume":"7","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.926337","article-title":"Responsive neurostimulation of the thalamus for the treatment of refractory epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Roa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1202631","article-title":"A multicenter retrospective study of patients treated in the thalamus with responsive neurostimulation","volume":"14","author":"Fields","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E578","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa001","article-title":"Responsive neurostimulation of the thalamus improves seizure control in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: a case report","volume":"87","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12300","article-title":"Responsive neurostimulation targeting the anterior nucleus of the thalamus in 3 patients with treatment-resistant multifocal epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Elder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12524","article-title":"Brain-responsive corticothalamic stimulation in the pulvinar nucleus for the treatment of regional neocortical epilepsy: a case series","volume":"6","author":"Burdette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.656585","article-title":"Case report: responsive neurostimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus for the detection and treatment of seizures in pediatric primary generalized epilepsy","volume":"12","author":"Welch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18070","article-title":"Centromedian region thalamic responsive neurostimulation mitigates idiopathic generalized and multifocal epilepsy with focal to bilateral tonic\u2013clonic seizures","volume":"65","author":"Nanda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107709","article-title":"Anatomical connectivity and efficacy of electro-therapy for seizure control: a SANTE's single-center regression analyses","volume":"115","author":"Osorio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16895","article-title":"The SANT\u00c9 study at 10 years of follow-up: effectiveness, safety, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"62","author":"Salanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.1.JNS212613","article-title":"Thalamic stereoelectroencephalography in epilepsy surgery: a scoping literature review","volume":"137","author":"Gadot","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00192","article-title":"Does the thalamo-cortical synchrony play a role in seizure termination?","volume":"6","author":"Evangelista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011003","article-title":"The ictal signature of thalamus and basal ganglia in focal epilepsy","volume":"96","author":"Pizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad121","article-title":"Multisite thalamic recordings to characterize seizure propagation in the human brain","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad178","article-title":"Thalamic stereo-EEG in epilepsy surgery: where do we stand?","volume":"146","author":"Bernabei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01970.x","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients with partial status epilepticus","volume":"50","author":"Di Bonaventura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brain.2023.100089","article-title":"Segmentation and quantification of venous structures and perivascular spaces in the thalamus in epilepsy using 7 Tesla MRI","volume":"6","author":"Langan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Multiphys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26414","article-title":"Multi-scale structural alterations of the thalamus and basal ganglia in focal epilepsy using 7T MRI","volume":"44","author":"Haast","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib87","series-title":"Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain","author":"Penfield","year":"1954"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(51)90035-1","article-title":"Diencephalic mechanisms in petit mal epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Spiegel","year":"1951","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c55d02","article-title":"Thalamic nuclei activity in idiopathic generalized epilepsy","volume":"73","author":"Tyvaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206887","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus in drug-resistant epilepsy in the MORE multicenter patient registry","volume":"100","author":"Peltola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002700","article-title":"A reappraisal of mortality after epilepsy surgery","volume":"86","author":"Sperling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.09.014","article-title":"Outcome based definition of the anterior thalamic deep brain stimulation target in refractory epilepsy","volume":"9","author":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab186","article-title":"Analysis of deep brain stimulation lead targeting in the stimulation of anterior nucleus of the thalamus for epilepsy clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Gross","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03668.x","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus in the treatment of convulsive seizures: a preliminary report","volume":"28","author":"Velasco","year":"1987","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02192.x","article-title":"Placebo-controlled pilot study of centromedian thalamic stimulation in treatment of intractable seizures","volume":"33","author":"Fisher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12352","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus for the treatment of generalized and frontal epilepsies","volume":"54","author":"Valent\u00edn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200008000-00007","article-title":"Predictors in the treatment of difficult-to-control seizures by electrical stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus","volume":"47","author":"Velasco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000446611","article-title":"Clinical outcome of patients with deep brain stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus for refractory epilepsy and location of the active contacts","volume":"94","author":"Son","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.08.028","article-title":"Seizure outcome during bilateral, continuous, thalamic centromedian nuclei deep brain stimulation in patients with generalized epilepsy: a prospective, open-label study","volume":"81","author":"Cukiert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2022.106954","article-title":"Optimally targeting the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus for generalized epilepsy: a meta-analysis","volume":"184","author":"Ilyas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26368","article-title":"The optimal target and connectivity for Deep brain stimulation in Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Warren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007775","article-title":"The epileptic network of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Warren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.907716","article-title":"Centromedian thalamic neuromodulation for the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Zillgitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107560","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"114","author":"Aguado-Carrillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2013.09.003","article-title":"MRI abnormality of the pulvinar in patients with status epilepticus","volume":"41","author":"Ohe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35772","article-title":"Medial pulvinar stimulation in temporal lobe epilepsy: a literature review and a hypothesis based on neuroanatomical findings","author":"Kalamatianos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00375.x","article-title":"Involvement of medial pulvinar thalamic nucleus in human temporal lobe seizures","volume":"47","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14677","article-title":"The effect of medial pulvinar stimulation on temporal lobe seizures","volume":"60","author":"Filipescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.6.811","article-title":"BOLD fMRI activation induced by vagus nerve stimulation in seizure patients","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f11c06","article-title":"The core network in absence epilepsy. Differences in cortical and thalamic BOLD response","volume":"75","author":"Carney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.6.1166","article-title":"Acute blood flow changes and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Henry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120171","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation: an update on a novel treatment for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"434","author":"Kamel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1731","article-title":"Long-term treatment with vagus nerve stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy","volume":"53","author":"Morris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00239.x","article-title":"Relationships between seizure severity and health-related quality of life in refractory localization-related epilepsy","volume":"41","author":"Vickrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"98\u2013101","key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib115","first-page":"106","article-title":"The consequences of uncontrolled epilepsy","volume":"9","author":"Sperling","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001034","article-title":"Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"35","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02652.x","article-title":"Simultaneous EEG, fMRI, and behavior in typical childhood absence seizures","volume":"51","author":"Berman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02698.x","article-title":"Absence seizures: individual patterns revealed by EEG-fMRI","volume":"51","author":"Moeller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15236","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504935102","article-title":"Generalized epileptic discharges show thalamocortical activation and suspension of the default state of the brain","volume":"102","author":"Gotman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.042suppl.3013.x","article-title":"Involvement of the thalamocortical system in epileptic loss of consciousness","volume":"42","author":"Kostopoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.07.027","article-title":"Cessation of gamma activity in the dorsomedial nucleus associated with loss of consciousness during focal seizures","volume":"51","author":"Leeman-Markowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.3.FOCUS1535","article-title":"Neurostimulation to improve level of consciousness in patients with epilepsy","volume":"38","author":"Gummadavelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib123","series-title":"Thalamic Stimulation to Prevent Impaired Consciousness in Epilepsy (Clinical Trial Registration No. NCT04897776)","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib124","first-page":"25","article-title":"Attempted inset-electrodes-arousal from traumatic coma: neuropathological findings","volume":"93","author":"McLardy","year":"1968","journal-title":"Trans Am Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(69)90060-1","article-title":"Behavioural and EEG arousal induced by stimulation of unspecific projection systems in a patient with post-traumatic apallic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Hassler","year":"1969","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01406406","article-title":"Chronic electrical stimulation of the thalamic unspecific activating system in a patient with coma due to midbrain and upper brain stem infarction","volume":"47","author":"Sturm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(49)90219-9","article-title":"Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG","volume":"1","author":"Moruzzi","year":"1949","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24921","article-title":"Microstructural profiles of thalamus and thalamocortical connectivity in patients with disorder of consciousness","volume":"99","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06041","article-title":"Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"448","author":"Schiff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib130","first-page":"281","article-title":"Deep cerebral stimulation in patients with post-traumatic vegetative state. 25 cases","volume":"39","author":"Cohadon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010443000353","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation therapy for the vegetative state","volume":"15","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.JNS15700","article-title":"Results of a prospective study (CATS) on the effects of thalamic stimulation in minimally conscious and vegetative state patients","volume":"125","author":"Magrassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.10.JNS161071","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for the early treatment of the minimally conscious state and vegetative state: experience in 14 patients","volume":"128","author":"Chudy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.09.021","article-title":"Electrophysiological characteristics of CM-pf in diagnosis and outcome of patients with disorders of consciousness","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02638-4","article-title":"Thalamic deep brain stimulation in traumatic brain injury: a phase 1, randomized feasibility study","volume":"29","author":"Schiff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30477-7","article-title":"Thalamotomy for movement disorders","volume":"6","author":"Burchiel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib137","unstructured":"Surgical Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Other Movement Disorders. Current Clinical Neurology. n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2018.07.004","article-title":"Surgical treatments for tremors","volume":"174","author":"Witjas-Slucki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib139","first-page":"344","article-title":"Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease","volume":"50","author":"Benabid","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200405190-00011","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation creates an informational lesion of the stimulated nucleus","volume":"15","author":"Grill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000163769.28552.CD","article-title":"Practice parameter: therapies for essential tremor [RETIRED]","volume":"64","author":"Zesiewicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.8.JNS201378","article-title":"DBS targeting for essential tremor using intersectional dentato-rubro-thalamic tractography and direct proton density visualization of the VIM: technical note on 2 cases","volume":"135","author":"Morrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.02.002","article-title":"Lateral cerebellothalamic tract activation underlies DBS therapy for essential tremor","volume":"16","author":"Brinda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600159","article-title":"A trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor","volume":"375","author":"Elias","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01008","article-title":"Stereotactic lesioning of the thalamic vo nucleus for the treatment of writer's cramp (focal hand dystonia)","volume":"9","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.4.JNS181761","article-title":"Current and future directions of deep brain stimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.11.005","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for tourette-syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Baldermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.09.035","article-title":"In vivo evidence of deep brain stimulation-induced dopaminergic modulation in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Kuhn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.025","article-title":"Bithalamical deep brain stimulation in tourette syndrome is associated with reduction in dopaminergic transmission","volume":"66","author":"Vernaleken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.JNS204026","article-title":"Neuroanatomical considerations for optimizing thalamic deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Morishita","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velasco F, Velasco AL, Velasco M, Jim\u00e9nez F, Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Castro G. Deep brain stimulation for treatment of the epilepsies: the centromedian thalamic target. Operative Neuromodulation, Vienna: Springer Vienna; n.d., p. 337\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-211-33081-4_38.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-33081-4_38"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18122","article-title":"Centromedian thalamic deep brain stimulation for idiopathic generalized epilepsy: connectivity and target optimization","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.44","article-title":"The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments","volume":"3","author":"Gorgolewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0105-7","article-title":"iEEG-BIDS, extending the Brain Imaging Data Structure specification to human intracranial electrophysiology","volume":"6","author":"Holdgraf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0104-8","article-title":"EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography","volume":"6","author":"Pernet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000159","article-title":"Collaborating and sharing data in epilepsy research","volume":"32","author":"Wagenaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71774","article-title":"The OpenNeuro resource for sharing of neuroscience data","volume":"10","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00585","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000}}],"container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747925000285?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747925000285?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T08:57:31Z","timestamp":1751014651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878747925000285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1878747925000285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7479","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The thalamus: Structure, function, and neurotherapeutics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurotherapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00550","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e00550"}}