{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:08:56Z","timestamp":1788988136635,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003625","name":"Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-KH125035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-KH125035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00420674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00420674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","neurotherapeuticsjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:44:15Z","timestamp":1780937055000},"page":"e00937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effectiveness of transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) and transauricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on reducing alcohol craving"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Manjae","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minkyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungyoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo-Young","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongil","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Seok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Chul","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00136.x","article-title":"Identifying the neural circuitry of alcohol craving and relapse vulnerability","volume":"14","author":"Heinz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","article-title":"Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis","volume":"3","author":"Koob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0149-3","article-title":"Pharmacological approaches to reducing craving in patients with alcohol use disorders","volume":"28","author":"Haass-Koffler","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2003.tb00543.x","article-title":"Barriers to the use of medications to treat alcoholism","volume":"12","author":"Mark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01776-0","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuromodulation therapies for substance use disorders","volume":"49","author":"Mehta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061724","article-title":"Photobiomodulation\u2014Underlying mechanism and clinical applications","volume":"9","author":"Dompe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2016.09.002","article-title":"Shining light on the head: photobiomodulation for brain disorders","volume":"6","author":"Hamblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"BBA Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.10.002","article-title":"Photobiomodulation as a promising new tool in the management of psychological disorders: a systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06555-3","article-title":"The effectiveness of transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Helali","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-020-00619-y","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: from concept to application","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyad058","article-title":"Neural, anti-inflammatory, and clinical effects of transauricular vagus nerve stimulation in major depressive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Parente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib12","article-title":"Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on protracted alcohol withdrawal symptoms in male alcohol-dependent patients","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0852-4","article-title":"Brain photobiomodulation therapy: a narrative review","volume":"55","author":"Salehpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib14","first-page":"83","article-title":"Development of Korean version of alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT-K): its reliability and validity","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Addiction Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib15","first-page":"591","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","volume":"21","author":"Edition","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Psychiatr Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568051","article-title":"International consensus based review and recommendations for minimum reporting standards in research on transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (version 2020)","volume":"14","author":"Farmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Human Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1089","article-title":"The nerve supply of the human auricle","volume":"15","author":"Peuker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13122","article-title":"The anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"236","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2343","article-title":"Evaluation of different vagus nerve stimulation anatomical targets in the ear by vagus evoked potential responses","volume":"11","author":"de Gurtubay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","article-title":"Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI","volume":"20","author":"Yakunina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodul: Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1693907","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in healthy individuals, stroke, and Parkinson's disease: a narrative review of safety, parameters, and efficacy","volume":"16","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"7","author":"Clancy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.05.006","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation acutely improves spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Antonino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102074","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in individuals aged 55 years or above: potential benefits of daily stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Bretherton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01493-y","article-title":"Occipital neural dynamics in cannabis and alcohol use: independent effects of addiction","volume":"11","author":"Lew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119863120","article-title":"Altered neural dynamics in occipital cortices serving visual-spatial processing in heavy alcohol users","volume":"34","author":"Lew","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh041","article-title":"Differences in brain function between relapsing and abstaining alcohol-dependent patients, evaluated by EEG mapping","volume":"39","author":"Saletu-Zyhlarz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01362-8","article-title":"Beta power in the EEG of alcoholics","volume":"52","author":"Rangaswamy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2007.203","article-title":"Neurophysiological endophenotypes, CNS disinhibition, and risk for alcohol dependence and related disorders","volume":"7","author":"Porjesz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119","article-title":"Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04349.x","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Penn alcohol craving scale","volume":"23","author":"Flannery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib33","series-title":"Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib34","first-page":"201","article-title":"A study on the reliability and the validity of Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)","volume":"14","author":"Sung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Biol Ther Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale","volume":"51","author":"Patton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01308.x","article-title":"Definitions of response and remission in schizophrenia: recommendations for their use and their presentation","volume":"119","author":"Leucht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n1209","article-title":"Defining response in clinical trials for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a signal detection analysis of the Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale","volume":"66","author":"Tolin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0214","article-title":"Response versus remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"67","author":"Simpson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.06.001","article-title":"The role of treatment expectancy in youth receiving exposure-based CBT for obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Lewin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12675","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3359-09.2009","article-title":"Intracranial EEG reveals a time-and frequency-specific role for the right inferior frontal gyrus and primary motor cortex in stopping initiated responses","volume":"29","author":"Swann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337","article-title":"Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation","volume":"4","author":"Hamblin","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMS Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00284","article-title":"Critical review of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: challenges for translation to clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"Yap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14793","article-title":"Dropout rates of in-person psychosocial substance use disorder treatments: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Lappan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.07.007","article-title":"Drop-out from addiction treatment: a systematic review of risk factors","volume":"33","author":"Brorson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.51217","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for chronic insomnia disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747926001078?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747926001078?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:37:08Z","timestamp":1788986228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878747926001078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1878747926001078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7479","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effectiveness of transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) and transauricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on reducing alcohol craving","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurotherapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurot.2026.e00937","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e00937"}}