{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:09:32Z","timestamp":1778054972634,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,24]],"date-time":"2008-07-24T05:18:09Z","timestamp":1216876689000},"page":"527-536","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Extrathyroidal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease: Thyroid Ophthalmopathy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hemant","family":"Parmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohannad","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib1","series-title":"Thyroid eye disease","first-page":"3","article-title":"The eponymy of exophthalmos associated with thyroid disease","author":"Halperin","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197302222880821","article-title":"Thyroid eponymy","volume":"288","author":"Poster","year":"1973","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib3","series-title":"Thyroid eye disease","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to thyroid eye disease","author":"Haik","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib4","series-title":"Textbook of endocrinology","first-page":"1980","article-title":"The thyroid","author":"Ingbar","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197511000-00014","article-title":"Evaluation of unilateral exophthalmos with ultrasonography: analysis of 258 consecutive cases","volume":"85","author":"Dallow","year":"1975","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197505082921905","article-title":"Evaluation of exophthalmos","volume":"292","author":"Grove","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J\u00a0Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib7","series-title":"The eye and orbit in thyroid disease","first-page":"1984","article-title":"Clinical presentations of Graves's ophthalmopathy","author":"Hay","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib8","first-page":"515","article-title":"Temporal relationship between the onset of Graves's ophthalmopathy and diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"58","author":"Gorman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib9","first-page":"61","article-title":"Graves' disease of the orbit","volume":"6","author":"Weber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib10","series-title":"Recent developments in Graves' ophthalmopathy","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to Graves' ophthalmopathy","author":"Prummel","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.1953.2.2.128","article-title":"Malignant exophthalmos: a quantitative analysis of the orbital tissues","volume":"2","author":"Rundle","year":"1953","journal-title":"Australas Ann Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3109\/01676839609150228","article-title":"Orbital pathology in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"15","author":"Ven der Gaag","year":"1996","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1998.57","article-title":"An ultrastructural and systemic analysis of glycosaminoglycans in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"12","author":"Pappa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(84)34152-5","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies on the exenterated orbital tissues of a patient with Graves' disease","volume":"91","author":"Hufnagel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193110000-00013","article-title":"Progressive exophthalmos following thyroidectomy; its pathology and treatment","volume":"94","author":"Naffziger","year":"1931","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1966.03850010246017","article-title":"Dysthyroid ocular myopathy: anatomy, histology and electron microscopy","volume":"76","author":"Kroll","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347732","article-title":"TSH receptor expression in retroocular fibroblasts","volume":"17","author":"Mengistu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-1549(01)00004-9","article-title":"The pathophysiology of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"15","author":"Hatton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib19","series-title":"Fundamentals and principles of ophthalmology. Basic and clinical science course","author":"Wilson","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib20","series-title":"Recent developments in Graves' ophthalmopathy","first-page":"15","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy","author":"Heufelder","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1997.4412","article-title":"Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune disease in the United States","volume":"84","author":"Jacobson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-44-1-203","article-title":"Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease: recommendations of the ad hoc committee of the American Thyroid Association","volume":"44","author":"Werner","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib23","first-page":"386","article-title":"Lid-retraction in toxic diffuse goiter","volume":"2","author":"Eden","year":"1942","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1996.6.289","article-title":"Sympathetic overactivity of intraocular muscles evaluated by accommodation in patients with hyperthyroidism","volume":"4","author":"Noh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.73040340001004","article-title":"The severe eye changes of Graves' disease","volume":"177","author":"Werner","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-10-10-1202","article-title":"Present concepts of the pathologic physiology of exophthalmos","volume":"10","author":"Dobyns","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib27","series-title":"Graves' ophthalmopathy","first-page":"1","article-title":"The orbit: structure, autoantigens and pathology","author":"Koornneef","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib28","first-page":"51","article-title":"The orbital tissues in thyrotoxicosis: a quantitative analysis relating to exophthalmos","volume":"5","author":"Rundle","year":"1944","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.69","article-title":"Automated achromatic contrast and chromatic discrimination sensitivity testing in dysthyroid optic neuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Tanner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iop.0000235499.34867.85","article-title":"VISA classification for Graves orbitopathy","volume":"22","author":"Dolman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib31","series-title":"Diagnostic imaging in ophthalmology","first-page":"39","article-title":"Computed tomography scanning in the evaluation of ocular motility disorders","author":"Mafee","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib32","series-title":"Ophthalmology","first-page":"11.18.1","article-title":"Ocular myopathies","author":"Rubin","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1148\/118.3.615","article-title":"Computed tomography in Graves' ophthalmopathy","volume":"118","author":"Enzmann","year":"1976","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib34","series-title":"Diseases of the orbit","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.167.2.3357962","article-title":"Optic nerve dysfunction in thyroid eye disease","volume":"167","author":"Barrett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030040244006","article-title":"Clinical significance of extraocular muscle volume in Graves' ophthalmopathy","volume":"100","author":"Feldon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib37","first-page":"109","article-title":"Isolated cysticercal infestation of extraocular muscles: CT and MR findings","volume":"19","author":"Ursekar","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.1.95","article-title":"The evolving paradigm of orbital decompression","volume":"166","author":"Goldberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514908000270?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514908000270?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]],"date-time":"2019-05-12T18:33:15Z","timestamp":1557685995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1052514908000270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1052514908000270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-5149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-5149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}}}