{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T10:32:43Z","timestamp":1775817163913,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuroimaging.theclinics.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]],"date-time":"2016-10-05T07:30:20Z","timestamp":1475652620000},"page":"537-565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lymphomas\u2013Part 2"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lara A.","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib1","unstructured":"Broadbent M, Supakul N, Mehta P, et\u00a0al. The faces of CNS lymphoma. Indiana University. Department of Radiology. School of Medicine. Presented at the 50th Annual meeting of the American Society of Neurorradiology. Montreal, May 17\u201322, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib2","series-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine","first-page":"446","article-title":"Extra-axial brain tumors","author":"Atlas","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib3","series-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine","first-page":"404","article-title":"Intra-axial brain tumors","author":"Atlas","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307327","article-title":"Lymphomatosis cerebri: a treatable cause of rapidly progressive dementia","volume":"86","author":"Samani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000017116","article-title":"Lymphomatosis cerebri presenting as a rapidly progressive dementia: clinical, neuroimaging and pathologic findings","volume":"10","author":"Bakshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2013.54.5.420","article-title":"Lymphomatosis cerebri","volume":"54","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0931-3","article-title":"Lymphomatosis cerebri presenting with orthostatic hypotension, anorexia, and paraparesis","volume":"109","author":"Keswani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-011-0064-y","article-title":"Lymphomatosis cerebri : clinical characteristics, neuroimaging, and pathological findings","volume":"29","author":"Kitai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.106385","article-title":"Dementia and leukoencephalopathy due to lymphomatosis cerebri","volume":"78","author":"Lewerenz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2010.00477.x","article-title":"MRI findings in lymphomatosis cerebri : description of a case and revision of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Raz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2005.01.014","article-title":"Lymphomatosis cerebri as a cause of white matter dementia","volume":"36","author":"Rollins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib12","first-page":"1489","article-title":"Lymphomatosis cerebri presenting as a rapidly progressive dementia with a high methylmalonic acid","volume":"258","author":"Leschziner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib13","first-page":"359","article-title":"Zur Kenntnis der Systemisierten Endothe- liomatose der Cutanen Blutgefasse (reticuloendotheliose?)","volume":"10","author":"Pfleger","year":"1959","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib14","first-page":"91","article-title":"Intravascular lymphomatosis: clinicopathologic features and differential diagnosis","volume":"8","author":"Wick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198602000-00004","article-title":"Reassessment of malignant \u201cangioendotheliomatosis\u201d: evidence in favor of its reclassification as \u201cintravascular lymphomatosis\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Wick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1994.12.12.2573","article-title":"Intravascular lymphomatosis: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and assessment of responses to chemotherapy","volume":"12","author":"DiGiuseppe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.5.0757","article-title":"Immunocytochemical evidence of lymphocytic derivation of neoplastic cells in malignant anigoendotheliomatosis","volume":"74","author":"Clark","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.11-5-496","article-title":"Intravascular lymphoma: the oncologist\u2019s \u201cgreat imitator\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05177.x","article-title":"Intravascular lymphoma: clinical presentation, natural history, management and prognostic factors in a series of 38 cases, with special emphasis on the \u2018cutaneous variant\u2019","volume":"127","author":"Ferreri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.67.3.403","article-title":"Intravascular lymphomatosis presenting as an ascending cauda equina: conus medullaris syndrome: remission after biweekly CHOP therapy","volume":"67","author":"Nakahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4857-7_37","article-title":"Intravascular lymphomatosis. A report of ten patients with central nervous system involvement and a review of the disease process","volume":"455","author":"Calamia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(98)00074-2","article-title":"Intravascular lymphomatosis of the brain: a diagnostic problem","volume":"101","author":"Vieren","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<3156::AID-CNCR2820711043>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Intravascular lymphomatosis. A systemic disease with neurologic manifestations","volume":"71","author":"Glass","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1607-551X(09)70284-0","article-title":"Intravascular lymphomatosis mimicking acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a case report","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360124","article-title":"Intravascular malignant lymphoma mimicking central nervous system lupus","volume":"36","author":"Legerton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(91)90074-J","article-title":"Angiotropic intravascular large-cell lymphoma (malignant angioendotheliomatosis): report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Fredericks","year":"1991","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib27","first-page":"427","article-title":"Cerebral MR imaging in intravascular lymphomatosis","volume":"19","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2770","article-title":"Characteristics of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma on cerebral MR imaging","volume":"33","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.033662","article-title":"Intravascular lymphoma: magnetic resonance imaging correlates of disease dynamics within the central nervous system","volume":"76","author":"Bahering","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-24","article-title":"Pregressive multifocal cerebral infarction from intravascular large B cell lymphoma presenting in a man: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Jitpratoom","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/01.coc.0000182463.57861.3c","article-title":"Acute intracerebral hemorrhage inintravascular lymphoma: a serious infusion related adverse event of rituximab","volume":"30","author":"Ganguly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(88)80500-8","article-title":"Malignant angioendotheliomatosis\u2014a true lymphoma: a case of intravascular malignant lymphomatosis studied by Southern blot hybridization analysis","volume":"19","author":"Otrakji","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00689995","article-title":"Central pontine myelinolysis:a study of 37cases in 1,000 consecutive autopsies","volume":"53","author":"Endo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.28.7.678","article-title":"Central nervous system lesions in childhood leukemia","volume":"28","author":"Crosley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3359(25)00777-X","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with small cell lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"Marchioli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest Surg Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.168.3.3406409","article-title":"Central pontine myelinolysis and its imitators: MR findings","volume":"168","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2005.06.044","article-title":"Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula complicated by pontine venous congestion: a case report","volume":"65","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2900070303","article-title":"Angiotropic large cell lymphoma (ALCL): morphological, immunohistochemical and genotypic studies with analysis of previous reports","volume":"7","author":"Domizio","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib39","first-page":"239","article-title":"Angiotropic large cell lymphoma with imaging characteristics of CNS vasculitis","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2007.3.2.108","article-title":"Central nervous system lymphomatoid granulomatosis presenting with parkinsonism","volume":"3","author":"Sohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(72)80005-4","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis","volume":"3","author":"Liebow","year":"1972","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.1991.6.3.255","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis with isolated involvement of the brain","volume":"6","author":"Bae","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(98)00017-2","article-title":"Exclusive CNS involvement by lymphomatoid granolomatosis in a 12-year-old boy: a case report","volume":"51","author":"Paspala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib44","first-page":"67","article-title":"Arthritis in lymphomatoid granulomatosis: report of a case and review of literature","volume":"58","author":"Agarwal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib45","first-page":"68","article-title":"Review: lymphomatoid granulomatosis: challenges in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Gitelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Adv Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9834-3","article-title":"Primary cerebral lymphomatoid granulomatosis: report of four cases and literature review","volume":"94","author":"Lucantoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurooncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2007.00804.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and gene rearrangement studies of central nervous system lymphomatoid granulomatosis","volume":"27","author":"Nishihara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib48","first-page":"e175","article-title":"Fatal cerebral lymphomatoid granulomatosis in an HIV-1-infected patient","volume":"54","author":"Wyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2371041087","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: abnormalities of the brain at MR imaging","volume":"237","author":"Patsalides","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib50","first-page":"1284","article-title":"MR imaging of the brain in lymphomatoid granulomatosis","volume":"22","author":"Tateishi","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib51","first-page":"233","article-title":"Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: pathogenesis, pathology and clinical implications","volume":"30","author":"Jaffe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.e7","article-title":"Imaging tutorial: differential diagnosis of bright lesions on diffusion-weighted MR images","volume":"23","author":"Stadnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib53","first-page":"203","article-title":"Brain tumors: a multimodality approach with diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic susceptibility contrast and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"21","author":"Brand\u00e3o","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magn Reson\u00a0Imaging\u00a0Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02427840","article-title":"Primary central nervous system lymphoma imitates multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"DeAngelis","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.1.1820195","article-title":"The MRI appearance of tumefactive demyelinating lesions","volume":"182","author":"Given","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.5.1761319","article-title":"Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system: typical and atypical CT and MR imaging appearances","volume":"176","author":"Erdag","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.7.1427","article-title":"Open-ring imaging sign Highly specific for atypical brain demyelination","volume":"54","author":"Masdeu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib58","unstructured":"Cohen B, Valles FE, Rubenstein JL, et\u00a0al. Differentiating tumefactive demyelinating lesions and primary CNS lymphoma using quantitative apparent diffusion coeficiente analysis. Presented at the ASNR. Seattle, June 4\u20139, 2011, EP 058."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib59","first-page":"475","article-title":"Update on brain tumor imaging: from anatomy to physiology","volume":"27","author":"Cha","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib60","first-page":"1695","article-title":"Accuracy of single voxel proton MR specotrocopy in distinguishing neoplastic from non neoplastic brain lesions","volume":"18","author":"Rand","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib61","first-page":"1378","article-title":"Proton MR spectroscopy of tumefactive demyelinating lesions","volume":"23","author":"Saindane","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440222","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo differentiation of astrocytic brain tumors and isolated demyelinating lesions of the type seen in multiple sclerosis using 1H magnetic resonance sptectroscopic imaging","volume":"44","author":"De Stefano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib63","first-page":"272","article-title":"Metabolite findings in tumefactive demyelinating lesions using short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Cianfoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3677","article-title":"Utility of proton MR spectroscopy for differentiating typical and atypical primary central nervous system lymphomas from tumefactive demyelinating lesions","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1990.73.5.0720","article-title":"Use of CT and MR imaging to distinguish intracranial lesions and to define the need for biopsy in AIDS patients","volume":"73","author":"Circillo","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib66","first-page":"633","article-title":"Differentiation of Toxoplasmosis and lymphoma in AIDS patients by using apparent diffusion coefficients","volume":"24","author":"Camacho","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.179.3.2027999","article-title":"Primary central nervous system lymphoma versus toxo- plasmosis in AIDS","volume":"179","author":"Dina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-5149(25)00472-1","article-title":"Neuroimaging-autopsy correlations in AIDS","volume":"7","author":"Smirniotopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)80185-X","article-title":"Quantitative MR spectroscopic imaging of brain lesions in patients with AIDS","volume":"9","author":"Pomper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.197.3.7480733","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and primary central nervous system lymphoma in HIV infection: diagnosis with MR spectroscopy","volume":"197","author":"Chinn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib71","series-title":"MR spectroscopy of the brain","first-page":"130","article-title":"Intracranial neoplasms","author":"Brand\u00e3o","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.208.3.9722843","article-title":"Cerebral toxoplasmosis and lymphoma in AIDS: perfusion MR imaging experience in 13 patients","volume":"208","author":"Ernst","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2013.03.002","article-title":"Adult brain tumors: clinical applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"23","author":"Brand\u00e3o","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimag Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200401000-00018","article-title":"Role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri","volume":"28","author":"Mohana Borges","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib75","first-page":"946","article-title":"Proton MR spectroscopy of gliomatosis cerebri: case report of elevated myoinositol with normal choline levels","volume":"24","author":"Sarafi Lavi","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.06.0055","article-title":"1H MR spectroscopy in the assessment of gliomatosis cerebri","volume":"188","author":"Guzman-de-Villoria","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-007-9437-9","article-title":"A\u00a0case of \u2018lymphomatosis cerebri\u2019 diagnosed in an early phase and treated by whole brain radiation: case report and literature review","volume":"86","author":"Kanai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6892-9_12","article-title":"Vascular dementia: perfusional and metabolic disturbances and effects of therapy","volume":"47","author":"Mielke","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2035","article-title":"JC virus infection of the brain","volume":"31","author":"Bag","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-003-1115-9","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: diffusion-weighted imaging and pathological correlations","volume":"46","author":"Bergui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1825","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","volume":"58","author":"Henderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib82","first-page":"285","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: serial high-b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient measurements to assess response to highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"28","author":"Usiskin","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib83","first-page":"2153","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: early predictor for demyelination?","volume":"26","author":"Huisman","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1107","article-title":"The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome)","volume":"53","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1252","article-title":"The molecular basis of water transport in the brain","volume":"4","author":"Amiry-Moghaddam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00171.1997","article-title":"Specialized membrane domains for water transport in glial cells: high-resolution immunogold cytochemistry of aquaporin-4 in rat brain","volume":"17","author":"Nielsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.26.13052","article-title":"Molecular characterization of an aquaporin cDNA from brain: candidate osmoreceptor and regulator of water balance","volume":"91","author":"Jung","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib88","first-page":"328","article-title":"Immunolocalization of the mercurial-insensitive water channel and glycerol intrinsic protein in epithelial cell plasma membranes","volume":"924","author":"Frigeri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.7.964","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression","volume":"63","author":"Pittock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.07.055","article-title":"The role of aquaporin-4 in the blood-brain barrier development and integrity: studies in animal and cell culture models","volume":"129","author":"Nicchia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib91","first-page":"90","article-title":"Brain abnormalities in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO)","volume":"633","author":"Pittock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1200cr","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica with hypothalamic involvement","volume":"11","author":"Poppe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.080390","article-title":"Clinical and MRI features of 14 Japanese MS patients with NMO-IgG","volume":"77","author":"Nakashima","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514916300478?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514916300478?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T23:54:24Z","timestamp":1749599664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1052514916300478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1052514916300478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-5149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-5149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lymphomas\u2013Part 2","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroimaging Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2016.06.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}