{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:22:49Z","timestamp":1785439369046,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neuroimaging.theclinics.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T16:02:33Z","timestamp":1491580953000},"page":"229-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Silvia N.","family":"Tenembaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80454-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in childhood: clinical profile in 125 patients","volume":"111","author":"Duquette","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859700300105","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in childhood: clinical features of 149 patients","volume":"3","author":"Ghezzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.7.1006","article-title":"Early onset multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study","volume":"59","author":"Boiko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000036907.37650.8E","article-title":"Course and prognosis in early-onset MS: comparison with adult-onset forms","volume":"59","author":"Simone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000339482.84392.bd","article-title":"Incidence of acquired demyelination of the CNS in Canadian children","volume":"72","author":"Banwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259422.44235.a8","article-title":"Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders","volume":"68","author":"Krupp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh218","article-title":"MRI prognostic factors for relapse after acute CNS inflammatory demyelination in children","volume":"127","author":"Mikaeloff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000316193.89691.e1","article-title":"Prognostic factors after a first attack of inflammatory CNS demyelination in children","volume":"71","author":"Neuteboom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70250-2","article-title":"MRI parameters for prediction of multiple sclerosis diagnosis in children with acute CNS demyelination: a prospective national cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Verhey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000338629.01627.54","article-title":"MRI in the diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Callen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000338630.20412.45","article-title":"Role of MRI in the differentiation of ADEM from MS in children","volume":"72","author":"Callen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181dc138b","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of MRI criteria for diagnosing pediatric ADEM and MS","volume":"74","author":"Ketelslegers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23575","article-title":"2010 McDonald criteria for diagnosing pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Sadaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511426815","article-title":"Paediatric multiple sclerosis: examining utility of the McDonald 2010 criteria","volume":"18","author":"Sedani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512444661","article-title":"Evaluation of the 2010 McDonald multiple sclerosis criteria in children with a clinically isolated syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Kornek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513493033","article-title":"Pediatric onset multiple sclerosis: McDonald criteria 2010 and the contribution of spinal cord MRI","volume":"19","author":"Hummel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513486519","article-title":"2010 McDonald criteria in a pediatric cohort: is positivity at onset associated with a more aggressive multiple sclerosis course?","volume":"19","author":"Bigi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00887.x","article-title":"Early relapse risk after a first CNS inflammatory demyelination episode: examining international consensus definitions","volume":"49","author":"Dale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.06.023","article-title":"A\u00a0long-term follow-up study using IPMSSG criteria in children with CNS demyelination","volume":"49","author":"Peche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513484547","article-title":"International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions","volume":"19","author":"Krupp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306850","article-title":"Application of the 2012 revised diagnostic definitions for paediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelination disorders","volume":"85","author":"van Pelt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12327","article-title":"Clinical presentation of pediatric multiple sclerosis before puberty","volume":"21","author":"Huppke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00884.x","article-title":"Diagnosing paediatric multiple sclerosis versus acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"49","author":"Pohl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70242-9","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in children: clinical diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Banwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.158","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067597","article-title":"Natural history of multiple sclerosis with childhood onset","volume":"356","author":"Renoux","year":"2007","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2008.505","article-title":"Increased relapse rate in pediatric-onset compared with adult-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"66","author":"Gorman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.4.662","article-title":"Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS\/MRI Study Group, IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group","volume":"43","author":"Paty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000333203.65171.52","article-title":"Neuroimaging of demyelinating diseases","volume":"14","author":"Pirko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Continuum Lifelong Learn Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.4.1349","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of MRI lesion load in multiple sclerosis. A comparison of conventional spin-echo with fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery","volume":"119","author":"Filippi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2012.12.003","article-title":"Standardized magnetic resonance imaging acquisition and reporting in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Verhey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimag Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-009-0024-6","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Waubant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000326896.66714.ae","article-title":"Vanishing MS T2-bright lesions before puberty. A distinct MRI phenotype?","volume":"71","author":"Chabas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12219","article-title":"Long-term MRI observations of childhood-onset relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Balassy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00322-8","article-title":"Pediatric tumefactive demyelination: case series and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"McAdam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.03.025","article-title":"Regional brain atrophy in children with multiple sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Aubert-Broche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000291010.54692.85","article-title":"Evidence of thalamic gray matter loss in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Mesaros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318240799a","article-title":"Reduced head and brain size for age and disproportionately smaller thalami in child-onset MS","volume":"78","author":"Kerbrat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001045","article-title":"Onset of multiple sclerosis before adulthood leads to failure of age-expected brain growth","volume":"83","author":"Aubert-Broche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2012.12.011","article-title":"Advanced magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Verhey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimag Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.3.366","article-title":"A\u00a0preliminary diffusion tensor and magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging study of early-onset multiple","volume":"61","author":"Mezzapesa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib43","first-page":"903","article-title":"MRI quantification of gray and white matter damage in patients with early-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"253","author":"Tortorella","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp278","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of children and adults with paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"132","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820f2e69","article-title":"Cortical lesions in children with multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Absinta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145906","article-title":"Alterations in functional and structural connectivity in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Akbar","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1776","article-title":"Tract-based analysis of callosal, projection, and association pathways in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study","volume":"31","author":"Vishwas","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512447527","article-title":"Non-lesional white matter changes in pediatric multiple sclerosis and monophasic demyelinating disorders","volume":"18","author":"Tillema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3216","article-title":"Diffusion tensor analysis of pediatric multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndromes","volume":"34","author":"Vishwas","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3581","article-title":"Early white matter changes in childhood multiple sclerosis: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"34","author":"Blaschek","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000309","article-title":"Posterior brain damage and cognitive impairment in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Rocca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22469","article-title":"Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity abnormalities in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Rocca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.205682","article-title":"Brain macro- and microscopic damage in patients with paediatric MS","volume":"81","author":"Absinta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.07.019","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive speed in children with multiple sclerosis","volume":"309","author":"Bethune","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834dc301","article-title":"White matter integrity and math performance in pediatric multiple sclerosis: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"22","author":"Till","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320205","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in children: cerebral metabolic alterations monitored by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in\u00a0vivo","volume":"32","author":"Bruhn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1425","article-title":"Assessment of citrullinated myelin by 1H-MR spectroscopy in early-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Oguz","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1372-9","article-title":"1H-MRS for the diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: insight into the acute-disease stage","volume":"40","author":"Ben","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000312276.23177.fa","article-title":"Cognitive and psychosocial features of childhood and juvenile MS","volume":"70","author":"Amato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f4d821","article-title":"Cognitive and psychosocial features in childhood and juvenile MS: two-year follow-up","volume":"75","author":"Amato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812464816","article-title":"Cognitive impairment occurs in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis: results from a United States network","volume":"28","author":"Julian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.014","article-title":"Susceptibility-weighted imaging helps to discriminate pediatric multiple sclerosis from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"52","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.15844\/pedneurbriefs-29-2-4","article-title":"MRI to discriminate pediatric MS from ADEM","volume":"29","author":"Rubin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol Briefs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812443006","article-title":"Masquerades of acquired demyelination in children: experiences of a national demyelinating disease program","volume":"28","author":"O\u2019Mahony","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259403.31527.ef","article-title":"Differential diagnosis and evaluation in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Hahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181c923d5","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Venkateswaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2012.12.010","article-title":"Mimics and rare presentations of pediatric demyelination","volume":"23","author":"O\u2019Mahony","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.10.1313","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a follow-up study of 40 adult patients","volume":"56","author":"Schwarz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2008.06.015","article-title":"Disseminated encephalomyelitis in adults","volume":"110","author":"Brinar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000133048.75452.dd","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in childhood: epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features","volume":"23","author":"Leake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0249-2","article-title":"Paediatric multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in Germany: results of a nationwide survey","volume":"166","author":"Pohl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2009.10.006","article-title":"Clinical study of childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, and acute transverse myelitis in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan","volume":"32","author":"Torisu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-1045-x","article-title":"An uncommon illness with a rare presentation: neurosurgical management of ADEM with tumefactive demyelination in children","volume":"26","author":"Van Landingham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822facdd","article-title":"Incidence of acquired CNS demyelinating syndromes in a multiethnic cohort of children","volume":"77","author":"Langer-Gould","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512445944","article-title":"Paediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes: incidence, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features","volume":"19","author":"Absoud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.8.1224","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients","volume":"59","author":"Tenembaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"16 Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259404.51352.7f","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"68","author":"Tenembaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002825","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Updates on an inflammatory CNS syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Pohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2956","article-title":"Anti-MOG antibodies in children with optic neuritis","volume":"69","author":"Rostasy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512466317","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by recurrent or monophasic optic neuritis in pediatric patients","volume":"19","author":"Huppke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371179","article-title":"Persistent presence of the anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody in a pediatric case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by optic neuritis","volume":"45","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515593407","article-title":"Comment on multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by optic neuritis in a child with gluten sensitivity","volume":"21","author":"Tenembaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000284600.80782.d5","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica-IgG in childhood inflammatory demyelinating CNS disorders","volume":"70","author":"Banwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1039","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2758","article-title":"Spectrum of pediatric neuromyelitis optica","volume":"122","author":"Lotze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002824","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"87","author":"Tenembaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A\u00a0serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000314832.24682.c6","article-title":"CNS aquaporin-4 autoimmunity in children","volume":"71","author":"McKeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f39a66","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of neuromyelitis optica with a pediatric onset","volume":"75","author":"Collongues","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2011000100008","article-title":"NMO in pediatric patients: brain involvement and clinical expression","volume":"69","author":"Pena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513507822","article-title":"Brainstem manifestations in neuromyelitis optica: a multicenter study of 258 patients","volume":"20","author":"Kremer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308550","article-title":"Paediatric neuromyelitis optica: clinical, MRI of the brain and prognostic features","volume":"86","author":"Absoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001367","article-title":"MRI characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. An international update","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0248","article-title":"Use of advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"72","author":"Kremer","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.08.032","article-title":"Susac\u2019s syndrome\u2014update","volume":"299","author":"Rennebohm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512441270","article-title":"Lesion morphology at 7 Tesla MRI differentiates Susac syndrome from multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Wuerfel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-015-0386-x","article-title":"Treatment of Susac syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Vodopivec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"}],"container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514916301319?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514916301319?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,2]],"date-time":"2018-09-02T22:22:25Z","timestamp":1535926945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1052514916301319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1052514916301319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-5149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-5149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroimaging Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}