{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:04:34Z","timestamp":1781651074741,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T18:35:34Z","timestamp":1625596534000},"page":"367-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Extrathyroidal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"James Matthew","family":"Debnam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirthi","family":"Koka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bita","family":"Esmaeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib1","first-page":"100196","article-title":"Chemokines in hyperthyroidism","volume":"17","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1055","article-title":"Breaking tolerance to thyroid antigens: changing concepts in thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"35","author":"McLachlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101387","article-title":"Graves' disease: Epidemiology, genetic and environmental risk factors and viruses","volume":"34","author":"Antonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510030","article-title":"Graves' disease","volume":"375","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.12.001","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis","volume":"32","author":"Devereaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2495","article-title":"Older subjects with hyperthyroidism present with a paucity of symptoms and signs: a large cross-sectional study","volume":"95","author":"Boelaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib7","first-page":"438","article-title":"Dermopathy of Graves\u2019 disease (pretibial myxedema): long-term outcome","volume":"87","author":"Schwartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020746","article-title":"Thyroid acropachy: report of 40 patients treated at a single institution in a 26-year period","volume":"87","author":"Fatourechi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100751","article-title":"Periorbital myxedema treated with intralesional hyaluronidase","volume":"19","author":"Lindgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307704","article-title":"Enlargement of the superior rectus and superior oblique muscles causes intorsion in Graves' eye disease","volume":"100","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.1.102","article-title":"Does radiotherapy have a role in the management of thyroid orbitopathy? View 1","volume":"86","author":"Cockerham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.200.1.8657923","article-title":"Optic nerve dysfunction in thyroid eye disease: a clinician's perspective","volume":"200","author":"Glatt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.427","article-title":"Clinical presentation of thyroid associated orbitopathy","volume":"8","author":"Kendall-Taylor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350193","article-title":"Temporal relationship between onset of Graves' ophthalmopathy and onset of thyroidal Graves' disease","volume":"11","author":"Wiersinga","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2001.09781","article-title":"Graves' ophthalmopathy: natural history and treatment outcomes","volume":"131","author":"Noth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001150","article-title":"Grading severity and activity in thyroid eye disease","volume":"34","author":"Dolman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.094607","article-title":"European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). Clinical features of dysthyroid optic neuropathy: a European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) survey","volume":"91","author":"McKeag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.11.007","article-title":"Evaluating Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"26","author":"Dolman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metabv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090020051022","article-title":"The initial clinical characteristics of Graves' orbitopathy vary with age and sex","volume":"111","author":"Kendler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0218","article-title":"Effect of smoking on orbital fat and muscle volume in Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"21","author":"Regensburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib21","first-page":"216","article-title":"Lid retraction and levator aponeurosis defects in Graves' eye disease","volume":"17","author":"Frueh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000633","article-title":"Levator muscle enlargement in thyroid eye disease-related upper eyelid retraction","volume":"33","author":"Davies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030040244006","article-title":"Clinical significance of extraocular muscle volumes in Graves' ophthalmopathy: a quantitative computed tomography study","volume":"100","author":"Feldon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib24","first-page":"3249","article-title":"Adipogenesis in thyroid eye disease","volume":"41","author":"Crisp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib25","first-page":"2830","article-title":"Untreated Graves' disease patients without clinical ophthalmopathy demonstrate a high frequency of extraocular muscle (EOM) enlargement by magnetic resonance","volume":"80","author":"Villadolid","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2019.1600150","article-title":"Visual field and orbital computed tomography correlation in dysthyroid optic neuropathy due to thyroid eye disease","volume":"39","author":"Starks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib27","first-page":"477","article-title":"The epidemiologic characteristics and clinical course of ophthalmopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota","volume":"92","author":"Bartley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910060033007","article-title":"Dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Clinical profile and rationale for management","volume":"96","author":"Trobe","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)32978-7","article-title":"Dysthyroid optic neuropathy. The crowded orbital apex syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Neigel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(69)91246-X","article-title":"Classification of the eye changes of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"68","author":"Werner","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib31","series-title":"Graves\u2019 orbitopathy: a multidisciplinary approach","first-page":"88","article-title":"General management plan","author":"Boboridis","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2331047.x","article-title":"Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"47","author":"Mourits","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib33","first-page":"249125","article-title":"Graves' ophthalmopathy: VISA versus EUGOGO classification","volume":"2015","author":"Barrio-Barrio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Assessment, Management J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib34","series-title":"Diseases and disorders of the orbit and ocular adnexa","first-page":"219","article-title":"Thyroid eye disease","author":"Bahn","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000310609","article-title":"MRI in Graves orbitopathy: recognition of enlarged muscles and prediction of steroid response","volume":"209","author":"Polito","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31820365d5","article-title":"Densities of orbital fat and extraocular muscles in graves orbitopathy patients and controls","volume":"27","author":"Regensburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib37","series-title":"Diseases of the orbit: a multidisciplinary approach","first-page":"143","author":"Rootman","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radiographic analysis of fatty infiltration of the extraocular muscles in thyroid eye disease","volume":"2","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050020065021","article-title":"Quantitative computed tomography of Graves\u2018 ophthalmopathy. Extraocular muscle and orbital fat in development of optic neuropathy","volume":"103","author":"Feldon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.167.2.3357962","article-title":"Optic nerve dysfunction in thyroid eye disease: CT","volume":"167","author":"Barrett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.177.3.2243967","article-title":"Graves orbitopathy: correlation of CT and clinical findings","volume":"177","author":"Nugent","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.200.1.8657899","article-title":"Graves ophthalmopathy: intracranial fat prolapse on CT images as an indicator of optic nerve compression","volume":"200","author":"Birchall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3029","article-title":"Quantification of orbital apex crowding for screening of dysthyroid optic neuropathy using multidetector CT","volume":"33","author":"Goncalves","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040031189015","article-title":"Clinical classification of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Identification of risk factors for optic neuropathy","volume":"102","author":"Feldon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.146.3.459","article-title":"Exophthalmos caused by excessive fat: CT volumetric analysis and differential diagnosis","volume":"146","author":"Peyster","year":"1986","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70883-9","article-title":"Intraocular pressure and proptosis in 95 patients with Graves ophthalmopathy","volume":"124","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.539","article-title":"The measurement of change in Graves' ophthalmopathy","volume":"8","author":"Gorman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib48","series-title":"Diagnostic imaging in ophthalmology","first-page":"39","article-title":"Computed tomography scanning in the evaluation of ocular motility disorders","author":"Mafee","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21035","article-title":"Radiologic parameters of orbital bone remodeling in thyroid eye disease","volume":"58","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00617.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging determination of extraocular eye muscle volume in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and proptosis","volume":"84","author":"Kvetny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091302600509","article-title":"Disease activity in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy: Diagnosis with orbital MR imaging and correlation with clinical score","volume":"26","author":"Tortora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17257-6","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of inflammation in orbital fat of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy using MRI signal intensity","volume":"7","author":"Higashiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/56958444","article-title":"Use of high-resolution MRI of the optic nerve in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"82","author":"Dodds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.151.3.6546996","article-title":"Extraocular muscle enlargement: a CT review","volume":"151","author":"Rothfus","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.4.491","article-title":"Idiopathic orbital inflammation: distribution, clinical features, and treatment outcome","volume":"121","author":"Yuen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1104650","article-title":"IgG4-related disease","volume":"366","author":"Stone","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e3181ee63ce","article-title":"IgG4-related sclerosing disease: a critical appraisal of an evolving clinicopathologic entity","volume":"17","author":"Cheuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Anat Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3865","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G4-related disease of the orbit: imaging features in 27 patients","volume":"35","author":"Tiegs-Heiden","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2013.04.004","article-title":"Extranodal lymphomas of head and neck with emphasis on NK\/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type","volume":"42","author":"Coha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-011-0873-z","article-title":"Lymphomas and metastases of the extra-ocular musculature","volume":"53","author":"Surov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001939","article-title":"Multidisciplinary management of orbital metastasis and survival outcomes","author":"El-Hadad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00101-0","article-title":"Nonthyroid causes of extraocular muscle disease","volume":"44","author":"Lacey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181706d08","article-title":"Prostate carcinoma metastasis to extraocular muscles","volume":"24","author":"Alsuhaibani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199605000-00005","article-title":"Erdheim-Chester disease: clinical and radiologic characteristics of 59 cases","volume":"75","author":"Veyssier-Belot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib65","first-page":"1787","article-title":"Erdheim-Chester disease: MR of intraaxial and extraaxial brain stem lesions","volume":"16","author":"Martinez","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10090320","article-title":"Cerebral, facial, and orbital involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease: CT and MR imaging findings","volume":"255","author":"Drier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.SPINE09316","article-title":"Atypical spine involvement of Erdhei77m-Chester disease in an elderly male","volume":"12","author":"Allmendinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-002-0853-4","article-title":"Spinal dural involvement in Erdheim-Chester disease: MRI findings","volume":"44","author":"Albayram","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.248","article-title":"The enlarged extraocular muscle: to relax, reflect or refer?","volume":"31","author":"Shafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.158.3.3945747","article-title":"Postseptal cellulitis: CT in diagnosis and management","volume":"158","author":"Towbin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283560b2b","article-title":"Orbital radiotherapy for thyroid eye disease","volume":"23","author":"Dolman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2004.00756.x","article-title":"Late reactivation of thyroid orbitopathy","volume":"32","author":"Selva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514921000277?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514921000277?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T07:05:43Z","timestamp":1760943943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1052514921000277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1052514921000277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-5149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-5149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Extrathyroidal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroimaging Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}