{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:46:08Z","timestamp":1788371168558,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T12:22:23Z","timestamp":1714393343000},"page":"439-452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Treatment Monitoring in Multiple Sclerosis \u2014 Efficacy and Safety"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Nima","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike P.","family":"Wattjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"378","author":"Reich","year":"2018","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","article-title":"Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20703","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the \u201cMcDonald Criteria.\u201d","volume":"58","author":"Polman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00095-8","article-title":"2021 MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Wattjes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520958589","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo imaging of chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Calvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4689","article-title":"Diagnosis of progressive multiple sclerosis from the imaging perspective: a review","volume":"78","author":"Filippi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00289-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis progression: time for a new mechanism-driven framework","volume":"22","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324534","article-title":"Pharmacovigilance during treatment of multiple sclerosis: early recognition of CNS complications","volume":"92","author":"Wijburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib11","first-page":"117","article-title":"Stratification and monitoring of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk: recommendations from an expert group","volume":"87","author":"McGuigan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30282-X","article-title":"Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of data from four clinical studies","volume":"16","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-015-0430-y","article-title":"MRI in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis: an update","volume":"25","author":"Wattjes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz144","article-title":"Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: practical guidelines","volume":"142","author":"Filippi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.002","article-title":"Brain and spinal cord MR imaging features in multiple sclerosis and variants","volume":"27","author":"Dekker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.002","article-title":"Routine MRI protocol and Standardization in CNS demyelinating diseases","author":"Traboulsee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib17","article-title":"Identification and management of subclinical disease activity in early multiple sclerosis: a review","author":"Ontaneda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib18","article-title":"Assessing treatment response to oral drugs for multiple sclerosis in real-world setting: a MAGNIMS Study","volume":"29","author":"Ruggieri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519887324","article-title":"Precision medicine in the multiple sclerosis clinic: Selecting the right patient for the right treatment","volume":"26","author":"Bose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419878323","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: latest therapeutic developments and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Faissner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5253","article-title":"Cumulative dose of macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent improves detection of enhancing lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Rovira","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(00)00156-9","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of the sensitivity of MRI after double- and triple-dose Gd-DTPA for detecting enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Gasperini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.159.5.1414773","article-title":"Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: sequential enhanced MR imaging vs clinical findings in determining disease activity","volume":"159","author":"Barkhof","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.3.285","article-title":"Gadolinium enhanced MRI predicts clinical and MRI disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Koudriavtseva","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000046587.83503.1E","article-title":"MRI contrast uptake in new lesions in relapsing-remitting MS followed at weekly intervals","volume":"60","author":"Cotton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.9.1349","article-title":"(1991) The effect of high-dose steroids on MRI gadolinium enhancement in acute demyelinating lesions","volume":"41","author":"Burnham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22472","article-title":"Evolution of the blood- brain barrier in newly forming multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"70","author":"Gaita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290111","article-title":"Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Thompson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.145805","article-title":"Relapses in multiple sclerosis are age- and time-dependent","volume":"79","author":"Tremlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib30","first-page":"2619","article-title":"Gadolinium enhancement on cranial MRI in multiple sclerosis is age dependent","volume":"267","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.06.005","article-title":"The pathologic substrate of magnetic resonance alterations in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Lassmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86198","article-title":"Persistent 7-tesla phase rim predicts poor outcome in new multiple sclerosis patient lesions","volume":"126","author":"Absinta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.157","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the\u00a0use of MRI in multiple sclerosis--establishing disease prognosis and monitoring patients","volume":"11","author":"Wattjes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5773","article-title":"Gadolinium and multiple sclerosis: vessels, barriers of the brain, and glymphatics","volume":"39","author":"Saade","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132077","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1132077","article-title":"Imaging blood-brain barrier dysfunction: A state-of-the-art review from a clinical perspective","volume":"15","author":"Moyaert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30158-8","article-title":"Gadolinium deposition in the brain: summary of evidence and recommendations","volume":"16","author":"Gulani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10151-y","article-title":"Use of gadolinium-based contrast agents in multiple sclerosis: a review by the ESMRMB-GREC and ESNR multiple sclerosis working group","author":"Rovira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285613484079","article-title":"Magnetic resonance monitoring of lesion evolution in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Rovira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.09090814","article-title":"Improved detection of active multiple sclerosis lesions: 3D subtraction imaging","volume":"255","author":"Moraal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019181568","article-title":"Accuracy of unenhanced MRI in the detection of new brain lesions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"291","author":"Eichinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.05.003","article-title":"Automatic segmentation and volumetry of multiple sclerosis brain lesions from MR images","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.102940","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of white matter hyperintensities: validation and comparison with state-of-the-art methods on both Multiple Sclerosis and elderly subjects","volume":"33","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102149","article-title":"A\u00a0fully convolutional neural network for new T2-w lesion detection in multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Salem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03019-3","article-title":"Recent advances in the longitudinal segmentation of multiple sclerosis lesions on magnetic resonance imaging: a review","volume":"64","author":"Diaz-Hurtado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03074-w","article-title":"Commercial volumetric MRI reporting tools in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"65","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512445407","article-title":"Acute demyelinating lesions with restricted diffusion in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Balashov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2975","article-title":"Reduced diffusion in a subset of acute MS lesions: a serial multiparametric MRI study","volume":"33","author":"Eisele","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00307","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.307","article-title":"Weekly multimodal MRI follow-up of two multiple sclerosis active lesions presenting a transient decrease in ADC","volume":"5","author":"Hannoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib49","first-page":"989","article-title":"Serial diffusion-weighted MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy of acute large demyelinating brain lesions: case report","volume":"23","author":"Rovira","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4237","article-title":"Use of magnetic resonance imaging to visualize leptomeningeal inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"74","author":"Zurawski","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001587","article-title":"Gadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Absinta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib52","first-page":"620","article-title":"Leptomeningeal contrast enhancement is related to focal cortical thinning in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional MRI study","volume":"40","author":"Bergsland","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231199031","article-title":"Association of MRI leptomeningeal enhancement with disability worsening in progressive multiple sclerosis: A clinical and post-mortem study","volume":"29","author":"Vercellino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519876037","article-title":"No association between cortical lesions and leptomeningeal enhancement on 7-Tesla MRI in multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Ighani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003820","article-title":"Leptomeningeal gadolinium enhancement across the spectrum of chronic neuroinflammatory diseases","volume":"88","author":"Absinta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.102939","article-title":"Leptomeningeal enhancement in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Ineichen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221122210","article-title":"Leptomeningeal enhancement under different MS immunotherapies: A monocentric retrospective cohort study of 214 patients","volume":"29","author":"Friedli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab045","article-title":"Imaging meningeal inflammation in CNS autoimmunity identifies a therapeutic role for BTK inhibition","volume":"144","author":"Bhargava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103048","article-title":"Slowly expanding lesions relate to persisting black-holes and clinical outcomes in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Calvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518814117","article-title":"Slowly expanding\/evolving lesions as a magnetic resonance imaging marker of chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"25","author":"Elliott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1783","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200144","article-title":"Association of Slowly Expanding Lesions on MRI With Disability in People With Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Calvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1139","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001139","article-title":"Slowly Expanding Lesions Predict 9-Year Multiple Sclerosis Disease Progression","volume":"9","author":"Preziosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520969105","article-title":"Occurrence and microstructural features of slowly expanding lesions on fingolimod or natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Preziosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231224702","article-title":"Ibudilast reduces slowly enlarging lesions in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Nakamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16092","article-title":"Treatment reduces the incidence of newly appearing multiple sclerosis lesions evolving into chronic active, slowly expanding lesions: A retrospective analysis","volume":"31","author":"Calvi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib66","series-title":"Effects of evobrutinib, a Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on slowly expanding marker of chronic tissue loss in multiple sclerosis. Poster DMT 17 presented at CMSC Meeting","author":"Arnold","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221141964","article-title":"Relationship between paramagnetic rim lesions and slowly expanding lesions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Calvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1636-z","article-title":"Slow expansion of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions: pathology and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"133","author":"Dal-Bianco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231169466","article-title":"Paramagnetic rim lesions are associated with greater incidence of relapse and worse cognitive recovery following relapse","volume":"29","author":"Reeves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib70","unstructured":"Gait\u00e1n MI., Raza S., Donnay C., et al. Primary outcome of a phase 2 clinical trial of Tolebrutinib, A brain-penetrant BTK inhibitor, for the modulation of chronically inflamed white matter lesions in MS. Oral presentation presented at ACTRIMS forum, 2024, March 2, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104714","article-title":"The association between brain volume loss and disability in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Matthews","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib72","first-page":"4130557","article-title":"Brain Atrophy as an Outcome of Disease-Modifying Therapy for Remitting-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"2023","author":"Chyli\u0144ska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26751","article-title":"Treatment Effect on Brain Atrophy Correlates with Treatment Effect on Cognition in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Sormani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0314-x","article-title":"MAGNIMS consensus recommendations on the use of brain and spinal cord atrophy measures in clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Sastre-Garriga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003542","article-title":"Brain MRI atrophy quantification in MS: From methods to clinical application","volume":"88","author":"Rocca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.194","article-title":"Nonconventional MRI and microstructural cerebral changes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Enzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007099","article-title":"Imaging outcome measures of neuroprotection and repair in MS: A consensus statement from NAIMS","volume":"92","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221076717","article-title":"Effect of siponimod on magnetic resonance imaging measures of neurodegeneration and myelination in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Gray matter atrophy and magnetization transfer ratio analyses from the EXPAND phase 3 trial","volume":"28","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509104591","article-title":"Measures in the first year of therapy predict the response to interferon \u03b2 in MS","volume":"15","author":"R\u00edo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513483892","article-title":"Refining response to treatment as defined by the Modified Rio Score","volume":"19","author":"Sormani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002830","article-title":"Assessing response to interferon-\u03b2 in a multicenter dataset of patients with MS","volume":"87","author":"Sormani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23758","article-title":"Predictors of long-term outcome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon \u03b2","volume":"73","author":"Bermel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200549","article-title":"Association of No Evidence of Disease Activity With No Long-term Disability Progression in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Rotstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515616701","article-title":"Inclusion of brain volume loss in a revised measure of 'no evidence of disease activity' (NEDA-4) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Kappos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.3537","article-title":"Evaluation of No Evidence of Disease Activity in a 7-Year Longitudinal Multiple Sclerosis Cohort","volume":"72","author":"Rotstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1059","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001059","article-title":"Prognostic Accuracy of NEDA-3 in Long-term Outcomes of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Prosperini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322348","article-title":"Minimal evidence of disease activity (MEDA) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Prosperini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib88","article-title":"Disability progression markers over 6-12 years in interferon-\u03b2-treated multiple sclerosis patients","author":"R\u00edo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e745","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009995","article-title":"Personalized extended interval dosing of natalizumab in MS: A prospective multicenter trial","volume":"95","author":"van Kempen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182735cb3","article-title":"Tumefactive multiple sclerosis lesions under fingolimod treatment","volume":"79","author":"Visser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000435293.34351.11","article-title":"Tumefactive MS lesions under fingolimod: a case report and literature review","volume":"81","author":"Pilz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1","article-title":"PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section","volume":"80","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab419","article-title":"The neuroradiology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a clinical trial perspective","volume":"145","author":"Baldassari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000099","article-title":"Diagnosis of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy using MRI","volume":"27","author":"Wattjes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308630","article-title":"MRI pattern in asymptomatic natalizumab-associated PML","volume":"86","author":"Wattjes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313772","article-title":"MRI criteria differentiating asymptomatic PML from new MS lesions during natalizumab pharmacovigilance","volume":"87","author":"Wijburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib97","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with fumaric acid esters: a review of 19 cases","volume":"264","author":"Gieselbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.114","article-title":"Outcome and survival of asymptomatic PML in natalizumab-treated MS patients","volume":"1","author":"Dong-Si","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit376","article-title":"Central nervous system herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infections in natalizumab-treated patients","volume":"57","author":"Fine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.1746","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a patient with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod","volume":"72","author":"Achtnichts","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0146","article-title":"Fulminant central nervous system nocardiosis in a patient treated with alemtuzumab for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Penkert","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102838","article-title":"Varicella zoster-associated acute retinal necrosis and central nervous system complications in natalizumab treated MS patients","volume":"50","author":"van Kempen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"}],"container-title":["Neuroimaging Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514924000297?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1052514924000297?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T20:03:49Z","timestamp":1719432229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1052514924000297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1052514924000297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1052-5149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1052-5149","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Treatment Monitoring in Multiple Sclerosis \u2014 Efficacy and Safety","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuroimaging Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2024.03.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}