{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:20:56Z","timestamp":1790670056328,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]],"date-time":"2019-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":294,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020221","name":"Irish Motor Neurone Disease Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["957-799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["957-799"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010414","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EIA-2017-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EIA-2017-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013029","name":"Iris O&apos;Brien Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013029","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\/SPP\/3244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/SPP\/3244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17\/CDA\/4737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/CDA\/4737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003840","name":"Irish Institute of Clinical Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage: Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T12:25:46Z","timestamp":1571919946000},"page":"102054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Brainstem pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and primary lateral sclerosis: A longitudinal neuroimaging study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0492-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Bede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rangariroyashe H.","family":"Chipika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eoin","family":"Finegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Li Hi Shing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Hengeveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Vajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colette","family":"Donaghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell L.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orla","family":"Hardiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00229","article-title":"Tracking a fast-moving disease: longitudinal markers, monitoring, and clinical trial endpoints in ALS","volume":"10","author":"Chipika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70129-2","article-title":"Clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: why so many negative trials and how can trials be improved?","volume":"13","author":"Mitsumoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309888","article-title":"Presymptomatic and longitudinal neuroimaging in neurodegeneration\u2013from snapshots to motion picture: a systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Schuster","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0004","series-title":"Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Clinical Guide","first-page":"1","author":"Hardiman","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2017.1332077","article-title":"Neuroimaging patterns along the ALS-FTD spectrum: a multiparametric imaging study","volume":"18","author":"Omer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302674","article-title":"Grey matter correlates of clinical variables in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a neuroimaging study of ALS motor phenotype heterogeneity and cortical focality","volume":"84","author":"Bede","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13038","article-title":"The segmental diffusivity profile of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated white matter degeneration","volume":"23","author":"Schuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181fb84d1","article-title":"Corpus callosum involvement is a consistent feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Filippini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308172","article-title":"Patterns of cerebral and cerebellar white matter degeneration in ALS","volume":"86","author":"Bede","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2011.649760","article-title":"Spinal cord markers in ALS: diagnostic and biomarker considerations","volume":"13","author":"Bede","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00350","article-title":"Spinal cord imaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: historical concepts-novel techniques","volume":"10","author":"El Mendili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12465","article-title":"Revisiting the spectrum of lower motor neuron diseases with snake eyes appearance on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"21","author":"Lebouteux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2016.1248976","article-title":"Identifying behavioural changes in ALS: validation of the beaumont behavioural inventory (BBI)","volume":"18","author":"Elamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.407","article-title":"A Cross-sectional population-based investigation into behavioral change in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: subphenotypes, staging, cognitive predictors, and survival","volume":"4","author":"Burke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2016.1177088","article-title":"Discordant performance on the \u2018Reading the Mind in the Eyes\u2019 Test, based on disease onset in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Burke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01005","article-title":"Clinical and radiological markers of extra-motor deficits in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Christidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09473-z","article-title":"The clinical and radiological profile of primary lateral sclerosis: a population-based study","volume":"266","author":"Finegan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx301","article-title":"Characteristic Increases in EEG Connectivity Correlate With Changes of Structural MRI in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Nasseroleslami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8964-y","article-title":"Extrapyramidal deficits in ALS: a combined biomechanical and neuroimaging study","volume":"265","author":"Feron","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07.019","article-title":"Hippocampal pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: selective vulnerability of subfields and their associated projections","volume":"84","author":"Christidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0020","article-title":"Adaptive functional reorganization in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: coexisting degenerative and compensatory changes","author":"Abidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000569","article-title":"The changing landscape of motor neuron disease imaging: the transition from descriptive studies to precision clinical tools","volume":"31","author":"Bede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1177\/095952876705000122","article-title":"On a case of muscular atrophy, with disease of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata","volume":"50","author":"Clarke","year":"1867","journal-title":"Med. Chir. Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00106","article-title":"Clinical measures of bulbar dysfunction in ALS","volume":"10","author":"Yunusova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.02.011","article-title":"Lessons of ALS imaging: pitfalls and future directions\u2014a critical review","volume":"4","author":"Bede","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23937","article-title":"Stages of pTDP-43 pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Brettschneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00844","article-title":"Biomarkers of spinal and bulbar muscle atrophy (SBMA): a comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Querin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65612-X","article-title":"Nonneural nuclear inclusions of androgen receptor protein in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2018.1550518","article-title":"Primary lateral sclerosis: a distinct entity or part of the ALS spectrum?","volume":"20","author":"Finegan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.08.011","article-title":"On the development of markers for pathological TDP-43 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with and without dementia","volume":"95","author":"Geser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39739-5","article-title":"A ferroptosis-based panel of prognostic biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Devos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198116","article-title":"A pharmaco-metabolomics approach in a clinical trial of ALS: identification of predictive markers of progression","volume":"13","author":"Blasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/146608200300079536","article-title":"El escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Brooks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Motor Neuron. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000200962.94777.71","article-title":"The natural history of primary lateral sclerosis","volume":"66","author":"Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","article-title":"Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"134","author":"Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00395","article-title":"Mismatch Negativity as an Indicator of Cognitive Sub-Domain Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Iyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906424","article-title":"Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9837-9","article-title":"Connectivity-based characterisation of subcortical grey matter pathology in frontotemporal dementia and ALS: a multimodal neuroimaging study","volume":"12","author":"Bede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.046","article-title":"A bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation","volume":"56","author":"Patenaude","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.065","article-title":"Bayesian segmentation of brainstem structures in MRI","volume":"113","author":"Iglesias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.060","article-title":"Permutation inference for the general linear model","volume":"92","author":"Winkler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","article-title":"Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a primer with examples","volume":"15","author":"Nichols","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0193(200007)10:3<120::AID-HBM30>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Automated talairach atlas labels for functional brain mapping","volume":"10","author":"Lancaster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70014-5","article-title":"Cognitive and clinical characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis carrying a C9orf72 repeat expansion: a population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Byrne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829c5eee","article-title":"Multiparametric mri study of als stratified for the C9orf72 genotype","volume":"81","author":"Bede","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-018-0177-4","article-title":"Project mine: study design and pilot analyses of a large-scale whole-genome sequencing study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet. EJHG"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2013-101795","article-title":"Delineating the genetic heterogeneity of ALS using targeted high-throughput sequencing","volume":"50","author":"Kenna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.2706","article-title":"Development of a smartphone app for a genetics website: the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis online genetics database (ALSoD)","volume":"1","author":"Abel","year":"2013","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2015.02.017","article-title":"Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in hereditary spastic paraplegias: from SPG1 to SPG72 and still counting","volume":"171","author":"Klebe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0051","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in ALS: exploring gender-specific neuroimaging signatures","author":"Bede","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000299186.72374.19","article-title":"Evaluation of corticospinal tracts in ALS with diffusion tensor MRI and brainstem stimulation","volume":"70","author":"Iwata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0526-9","article-title":"Combined MR spectroscopic imaging and diffusion tensor mri visualizes corticospinal tract degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"251","author":"Yin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311952","article-title":"A large-scale multicentre cerebral diffusion tensor imaging study in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"87","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01148","article-title":"Imaging cerebral activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-011-1979-6","article-title":"Brain hypermetabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a FDG pet study in ALS of spinal and bulbar onset","volume":"39","author":"Cistaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.01.057","article-title":"Evidence for astrocytosis in ALS demonstrated by [11C](L)-deprenyl-D2 pet","volume":"255","author":"Johansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2667-5","article-title":"The metabolic signature of C9ORF72-related ALS: FDG pet comparison with nonmutated patients","author":"Cistaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01063","article-title":"Biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia associated with hexanucleotide expansion mutations in C9orf72","volume":"9","author":"Floeter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.71","article-title":"1H-MRS evidence of neurodegeneration and excess glutamate\u202f+\u202fglutamine in ALS medulla","volume":"53","author":"Pioro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00221-X","article-title":"1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"169","author":"Bradley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-010-0685-6","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with early stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Sivak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00482","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in ALS","volume":"10","author":"Kalra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2011.623300","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of pathological processes in rodent models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004582","article-title":"Deciphering neurodegeneration: A paradigm shift from focality to connectivity","volume":"89","author":"Bede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2019.1639195","article-title":"The histological correlates of imaging metrics: postmortem validation of in vivo findings","volume":"20","author":"Bede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03648.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging reveals neuronal degeneration in the brainstem of the superoxide dismutase 1 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Zang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317214","article-title":"Multimodal spinal cord MRI offers accurate diagnostic classification in ALS","volume":"89","author":"Querin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.101618","article-title":"The spinal and cerebral profile of adult spinal-muscular atrophy: a multimodal imaging study","volume":"21","author":"Querin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.12.26","article-title":"Neuroimaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomark Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0854-x","article-title":"Survival prediction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis based on MRI measures and clinical characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Schuster","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2016.1173702","article-title":"The selective anatomical vulnerability of ALS: 'disease-defining' and 'disease-defying' brain regions","volume":"17","author":"Bede","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00135","article-title":"Machine learning in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: achievements, pitfalls, and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Grollemund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167331","article-title":"Development of an automated MRI-based diagnostic protocol for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using disease-specific pathognomonic features: a quantitative disease-state classification study","volume":"11","author":"Schuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.06.010","article-title":"Virtual brain biopsies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: diagnostic classification based on in vivo pathological patterns","volume":"15","author":"Bede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0075","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a long preclinical period?","author":"Eisen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25520","article-title":"Presymptomatic spinal cord pathology in c9orf72 mutation carriers: a longitudinal neuroimaging study","volume":"86","author":"Querin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.12.025","article-title":"The two-year progression of structural and functional cerebral mri in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Menke","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2017.1407795","article-title":"Longitudinal structural changes in ALS: a three time-point imaging study of white and gray matter degeneration","volume":"19","author":"Bede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.03.018","article-title":"Identical patterns of cortico-efferent tract involvement in primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a tract of interest-based MRI study","volume":"18","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.166272","article-title":"Prospective validation of 18F-FDG brain pet discriminant analysis methods in the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Van Weehaeghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0081","first-page":"87","article-title":"Decreased thickness of primary motor cortex in primary lateral sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Butman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7083-z","article-title":"Focal thinning of the motor cortex mirrors clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their phenotypes: a neuroimaging study","volume":"260","author":"Schuster","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr178","article-title":"White matter alterations differ in primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"134","author":"Iwata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20971","article-title":"Whole brain-based analysis of regional white matter tract alterations in rare motor neuron diseases by diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"31","author":"Unrath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22286","article-title":"Intrahemispheric and interhemispheric structural network abnormalities in PLS and ALS","volume":"35","author":"Agosta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2018.1517180","article-title":"Loss of functional connectivity is an early imaging marker in primary lateral sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a8269b","article-title":"Clinical features that distinguish PLS, upper motor neuron-dominant ALS, and typical ALS","volume":"72","author":"Gordon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01065","article-title":"Emerging magnetic resonance imaging techniques and analysis methods in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Barritt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318830","article-title":"Neurite orientation and dispersion density imaging (NODDI) detects cortical and corticospinal tract degeneration in ALS","volume":"90","author":"Broad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["NeuroImage: Clinical"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213158219304012?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213158219304012?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T04:25:32Z","timestamp":1761971132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213158219304012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S2213158219304012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-1582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-1582","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Brainstem pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and primary lateral sclerosis: A longitudinal neuroimaging study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage: Clinical","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102054","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102054"}}