{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:34:57Z","timestamp":1790742897345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009033","name":"Kagaku Gijutsu Shinko Kiko Center of Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004336","name":"Novartis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012628","name":"Japan Epilepsy Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008272","name":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22ym0126809j0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ym0126809j0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["dm0307103h0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["dm0307103h0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18K07843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K07843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003769","name":"Eizai Kabushiki Kaisha","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage: Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T02:11:40Z","timestamp":1670811100000},"page":"103288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Extension of microglial activation is associated with epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction in Tuberous sclerosis complex: A TSPO-PET study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Kuriko","family":"Kagitani-Shimono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihiko","family":"Soeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Iwatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Mukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiro","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Tominaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Nabatame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Taniike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23943","article-title":"TORC1-dependent epilepsy caused by acute biallelic Tsc1 deletion in adult mice","volume":"74","author":"Abs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.09.004","article-title":"Brain inflammation in a chronic epilepsy model: Evolving pattern of the translocator protein during epileptogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Amhaoul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-008-0832-y","article-title":"The pathogenesis and imaging of the tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"38","author":"Baskin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatric Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)11548-1","article-title":"Reactive microglia in hippocampal sclerosis associated with human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"191","author":"Beach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv249","article-title":"Everolimus for renal angiomyolipoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex or sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis: extension of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Bissler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.01.002","article-title":"Evidence of activated microglia in focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"173","author":"Boer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13457","article-title":"Transient and chronic seizure-induced inflammation in human focal epilepsy","volume":"57","author":"Butler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00627.x","article-title":"FDG-PET\/MRI coregistration and diffusion-tensor imaging distinguish epileptogenic tubers and cortex in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: a preliminary report","volume":"47","author":"Chandra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0050","first-page":"20","article-title":"Lack of Correlation between Tuber Number and Cognitive Level in Mild TSC Patients : a Clinical and Genetic Study","volume":"1","author":"Chifari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Surgery International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-6-38","article-title":"Cellular injury and neuroinflammation in children with chronic intractable epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02474.x","article-title":"The natural history of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"51","author":"Chu-Shore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2008.01006.x","article-title":"Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain","volume":"35","author":"Cosenza-Nashat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00409","article-title":"Multiple Critical Periods for Rapamycin Treatment to Correct Structural Defects in Tsc-1-Suppressed Brain","volume":"11","author":"Cox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra055323","article-title":"The Tuberous Sclerosis Complex","volume":"355","author":"Crino","year":"2006","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1086\/316951","article-title":"Mutational analysis in a cohort of 224 tuberous sclerosis patients indicates increased severity of TSC2, compared with TSC1, disease in multiple organs","volume":"68","author":"Dabora","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.004","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND) and the TAND Checklist","volume":"52","author":"de Vries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01283-3","article-title":"TLR7 activation in epilepsy of tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"68","author":"Dombkowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1788","article-title":"Reversal of learning deficits in a Tsc2+\/- mouse model of tuberous sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Ehninger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10528","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0416-14.2014","article-title":"Neuronal hyperactivity recruits microglial processes via neuronal NMDA receptors and microglial P2Y12 receptors after status epilepticus","volume":"34","author":"Eyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1586\/era.11.93","article-title":"Everolimus: an mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of tuberous sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Franz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61134-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of everolimus for subependymal giant cell astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (EXIST-1): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"381","author":"Franz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000514","article-title":"Everolimus for treatment-refractory seizures in TSC: Extension of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Franz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology, Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2011.12.002","article-title":"Cytokines and brain excitability","volume":"33","author":"Galic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5535-2","article-title":"MRI findings reveal three different types of tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"257","author":"Gallagher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0941","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in temporal lobe epilepsy measured using positron emission tomographic imaging of translocator protein","volume":"72","author":"Gershen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.261","article-title":"Quantification of [18F]DPA-714 binding in the human brain: initial studies in healthy controls and Alzheimer's disease patients","volume":"35","author":"Golla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0140","first-page":"139","article-title":"Brain lesions in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"48","author":"Grajkowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Review. Folia Neuropathologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0487","article-title":"mTOR inhibition as a possible pharmacological target in the management of systemic inflammatory response and associated neuroinflammation by lipopolysaccharide challenge in rats","volume":"99","author":"Guden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.05.007","article-title":"Expression of the interleukin 17 in cortical tubers of the tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"262","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24791","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory component of gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Herranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.091694","article-title":"Increased in vivo expression of an inflammatory marker in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"53","author":"Hirvonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2021.101960","article-title":"Everolimus inhibits PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR and NF-kB\/IL-6 signaling and protects seizure-induced brain injury in rats","volume":"114","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2017.11.010","article-title":"Different MRI-defined tuber types in tuberous sclerosis complex: Quantitative evaluation and association with disease manifestations","volume":"40","author":"Jesmanas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02892.x","article-title":"Cerebral tuber count and its impact on mental outcome of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"52","author":"Kaczorowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02055-1","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of neuroinflammation in child-onset focal epilepsy: a translocator protein PET study","volume":"18","author":"Kagitani-Shimono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e150120","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150120","article-title":"Identifying the temporal electrophysiological and molecular changes that contribute to TSC-associated epileptogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Koene","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.01.024","article-title":"Regulation of IL-6 system in cerebrospinal fluid and serum compartments by seizures: the effect of seizure type and duration","volume":"152","author":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000243081","article-title":"Levels of IL-1beta and IL-1ra in cerebrospinal fluid of human patients after single and prolonged seizures","volume":"17","author":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.146027","article-title":"Cerebellum Can Serve As a Pseudo-Reference Region in Alzheimer Disease to Detect Neuroinflammation Measured with PET Radioligand Binding to Translocator Protein","volume":"56","author":"Lyoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01814.x","article-title":"Are cortical tubers epileptogenic? Evidence from electrocorticography","volume":"50","author":"Major","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15816","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15816","article-title":"The genomic landscape of tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"8","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13786","article-title":"Neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy: Role of inflammation","volume":"58","author":"Mazarati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.07.003","article-title":"Everolimus for epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder in tuberous sclerosis complex: EXIST-3 substudy in Japan","volume":"41","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157396","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157396","article-title":"Novel Histopathological Patterns in Cortical Tubers of Epilepsy Surgery Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex","volume":"11","author":"M\u00fchlebner","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabbout, R., Belousova, E., Benedik, M.P., Carter, T., Cottin, V., Curatolo, P., Dahlin, M., L, D.A., D Amato, L., d\u2019Aug\u00e8res, G.B., de Vries, P.J., Ferreira, J.C., Feucht, M., Fladrowski, C., Hertzberg, C., Jozwiak, S., Lawson, J.A., Macaya, A., Marques, R., O'Callaghan, F., Qin, J., Sander, V., Sauter, M., Shah, S., Takahashi, Y., Touraine, R., Youroukos, S., Zonnenberg, B., Jansen, A., Kingswood, J.C., TOSCA Consortium and TOSCA Investigators, 2019. Epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex: Findings from the TOSCA Study. Epilepsia Open 4, 73-84.","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12286"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.131045","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome\/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An (11)C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study","volume":"55","author":"Nakatomi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Northrup, H., Aronow, M.E., Bebin, E.M., Bissler, J., Darling, T.N., de Vries, P.J., Frost, M.D., Fuchs, Z., Gosnell, E.S., Gupta, N., Jansen, A.C., Jozwiak, S., Kingswood, J.C., Knilans, T.K., McCormack, F.X., Pounders, A., Roberds, S.L., Rodriguez-Buritica, D.F., Roth, J., Sampson, J.R., Sparagana, S., Thiele, E.A., Weiner, H.L., Wheless, J.W., Towbin, A.J., Krueger, D.A., International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus, G., 2021. Updated International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Diagnostic Criteria and Surveillance and Management Recommendations. Pediatric Neurology 123, 50-66.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2021.07.011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.026815","article-title":"The relation of infantile spasms, tubers, and intelligence in tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"89","author":"O'Callaghan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.079459","article-title":"Mixed-affinity binding in humans with 18-kDa translocator protein ligands","volume":"52","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-021-09357-2","article-title":"mTOR inhibitor improves autistic-like behaviors related to Tsc2 haploinsufficiency but not following developmental status epilepticus","volume":"13","author":"Petrasek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389801301206","article-title":"Tuberous sclerosis complex consensus conference: revised clinical diagnostic criteria","volume":"13","author":"Roach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e984","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000984","article-title":"Microglia Activation in Basal Ganglia Is a Late Event in Huntington Disease Pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"Rocha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology, Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5772","article-title":"Longitudinal Findings of MRI and PET in West Syndrome with Subtle Focal Cortical Dysplasia. AJNR","volume":"39","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.004","article-title":"mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease","volume":"168","author":"Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0300","article-title":"Automated segmentation of changes in FLAIR-hyperintense white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis on serial magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"23","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000487088","article-title":"Significance of FDG-PET Hypermetabolism in Children with Intractable Focal Epilepsy","volume":"53","author":"Schur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.10.023","article-title":"Microglial positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in epilepsy: Applications, opportunities and pitfalls","volume":"44","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.05.001","article-title":"Assessing severity of epilepsy in children: preliminary evidence of validity and reliability of a single-item scale","volume":"13","author":"Speechley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0546-2","article-title":"Downregulation of CD47 and CD200 in patients with focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.09.033","article-title":"Epilepsy and brain inflammation","volume":"244","author":"Vezzani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.08.012","article-title":"The TSC-mTOR signaling pathway regulates the innate inflammatory response","volume":"29","author":"Weichhart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.02.015","article-title":"Increased activation of Iba1+ microglia in pediatric epilepsy patients with Rasmussen's encephalitis compared with cortical dysplasia and tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"34","author":"Wirenfeldt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6009","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303492","article-title":"mTOR signaling inhibition modulates macrophage\/microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and secondary injury via regulatory T cells after focal ischemia","volume":"192","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0797-6","article-title":"Everolimus is better than rapamycin in attenuating neuroinflammation in kainic acid-induced seizures","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16646788","article-title":"Depiction of microglial activation in aging and dementia: Positron emission tomography with C-11 DPA713 versus C-11 (R)PK11195","volume":"37","author":"Yokokura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.04.016","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms contribute to the neurological manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"}],"container-title":["NeuroImage: Clinical"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213158222003539?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213158222003539?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:30:53Z","timestamp":1781105453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213158222003539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S2213158222003539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-1582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-1582","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Extension of microglial activation is associated with epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction in Tuberous sclerosis complex: A TSPO-PET study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage: Clinical","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103288","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103288"}}