{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:53:09Z","timestamp":1791561189855,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":197,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage: Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:12:57Z","timestamp":1785510777000},"page":"104036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Neuroimaging biomarkers of non-invasive brain stimulation in post-stroke recovery: EEG and fMRI perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1775-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seoyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9732-0427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Wook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4261-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3282659","article-title":"Immediate effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation on primary motor cortex in stroke patients: A concurrent TMS-EEG study","volume":"31","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01223-7","article-title":"Intracortical and intercortical networks in patients after stroke: A concurrent TMS-EEG study","volume":"20","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.06.006","article-title":"Brain effective connectivity during motor-imagery and execution following stroke and rehabilitation","volume":"8","author":"Bajaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2025.2110747","article-title":"Motor cortex excitability states in chronic stroke patients probed by EEG-TMS","volume":"175","author":"Brancaccio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.887849","article-title":"Alpha rhythm of electroencephalography was modulated differently by three transcranial direct current stimulation protocols in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030377","article-title":"The effects of 10 Hz and 20 Hz tACS in network integration and segregation in chronic stroke: A graph theoretical fMRI study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030306","article-title":"Extended fMRI-guided anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation targeting perilesional areas in post-stroke aphasia: A pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Cherney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b8","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Multifocal transcranial stimulation in chronic ischemic stroke: A phase 1\/2a randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Chiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23469","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation effects on neural processing in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"38","author":"Darkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3422","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation: From physiology to network dynamics and rehabilitation","volume":"16","author":"Dayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.162","article-title":"Modulation of brain plasticity in stroke: A novel model for neurorehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Di Pino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.818340","article-title":"Intermittent theta burst stimulation increases natural oscillatory frequency in ipsilesional motor cortex post-stroke: A transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography study","volume":"14","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.755709","article-title":"The effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation on functional brain network following stroke: An electroencephalography study","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8873221","article-title":"Distinction of high- and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the functional reorganization of the motor network in stroke patients","volume":"2021","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008","article-title":"Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity","volume":"20","author":"van den Heuvel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01153-4","article-title":"Effects of bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation on motor recovery in subacute stroke patients: A double-blind, randomized sham-controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2024.3492977","article-title":"Cortical activation patterns determine effectiveness of rTMS-induced motor imagery decoding enhancement in stroke patients","volume":"72","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1925","article-title":"Brain-computer interface training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with chronic severe hemiparesis","volume":"47","author":"Kasashima-Shindo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.10.052","article-title":"What is the optimal anodal electrode position for inducing corticomotor excitability changes in transcranial direct current stimulation?","volume":"584","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3151742","article-title":"Motor impairment in stroke patients is associated with network properties during consecutive motor imagery","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1458061","article-title":"Modulating brain connectivity by simultaneous dual-mode stimulation over bilateral primary motor cortices in subacute stroke patients","volume":"2018","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00977","article-title":"Cerebral functional manipulation of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive impairment patients after stroke: An fMRI study","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12593","article-title":"Cerebral functional reorganization in ischemic stroke after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: An fMRI study","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3493926","article-title":"Theory-driven EEG indexes for tracking motor recovery and predicting the effects of hybridizing tDCS with mirror therapy in stroke patients","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01776-9","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation regulates brain functional network dynamics in stroke patients: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3223116","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on EEG power and brain functional network in stroke patients","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2924742","article-title":"Prognostic and monitory EEG-biomarkers for BCI upper-limb stroke rehabilitation","volume":"27","author":"Mane","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.11.003","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral effects of \u03b2-tACS on brain self-regulation in chronic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Naros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103599","article-title":"Targeted non-invasive brain stimulation boosts attention and modulates contralesional brain networks following right hemisphere stroke","volume":"42","author":"Olgiati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00302","article-title":"Predicting the response to non-invasive brain stimulation in stroke","volume":"10","author":"Ovadia-Caro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.02.004","article-title":"Discovering oscillatory interaction networks with M\/EEG: Challenges and breakthroughs","volume":"16","author":"Palva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.771034","article-title":"Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation restores dynamic functional connectivity in subcortical stroke","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70083-5","article-title":"Concurrent tDCS-fMRI after stroke reveals link between attention network organization and motor improvement","volume":"14","author":"Salazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100326","article-title":"Transcranial alternating brain stimulation at alpha frequency reduces hemispatial neglect symptoms in stroke patients","volume":"22","author":"Schuhmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa127","article-title":"Brain responsivity provides an individual readout for motor recovery after stroke","volume":"143","author":"Tscherpel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7790730","article-title":"Varied response of EEG rhythm to different tDCS protocols and lesion hemispheres in stroke subjects with upper limb dysfunction","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.07.010","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct-current stimulation on executive function and resting EEG after stroke: A pilot randomized controlled study","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00144-X","article-title":"Variation in the response to transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in the general population","volume":"113","author":"Wassermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.003","article-title":"Variability in response to transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex","volume":"7","author":"Wiethoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2016.1175218","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial alternating current stimulation over bilateral mastoids (tACSbm) on enhancing recovery of subacute post-stroke patients","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.12.001","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances speech comprehension in chronic post-stroke aphasia patients: A single-blind sham-controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul.: Basic, Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.729703","article-title":"Reorganization of brain functional connectivity network and vision restoration following combined tACS-tDCS treatment after occipital stroke","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2020.563777","article-title":"Effects of rTMS treatment on cognitive impairment and resting-state brain activity in stroke patients: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on stroke based on brain functional networks","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3153353","article-title":"Differential effects of 10 and 20 Hz brain stimulation in chronic stroke: A tACS-fMRI study","volume":"30","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2022.10.003","article-title":"Individual electric field predicts functional connectivity changes after anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation in chronic stroke","volume":"186","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bhad480","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad480","article-title":"EEG microstates analysis after TMS in patients with subacute stroke during the resting state","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08348-8","article-title":"The impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on brain network connectivity and topology in post-stroke cognitive impairment patients: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"46","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110470","article-title":"Application of non-invasive brain stimulation combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging in post-stroke motor function rehabilitation","volume":"421","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"}],"container-title":["NeuroImage: Clinical"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213158226000951?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213158226000951?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:16:35Z","timestamp":1791558995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213158226000951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S2213158226000951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-1582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-1582","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neuroimaging biomarkers of non-invasive brain stimulation in post-stroke recovery: EEG and fMRI perspectives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage: Clinical","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.104036","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104036"}}