{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T13:43:56Z","timestamp":1786196636222,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015568","name":"Veterans Integrated Services Network 22 Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015568","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016156","name":"US Army Medical Research and Development Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:27:15Z","timestamp":1781886435000},"page":"108183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["REM sleep fragmentation is associated with impaired configural threat learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Bruna","family":"Cuccurazzu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Vizeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Napan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean P.A.","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Stout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.04.029","article-title":"Hippocampal dysfunction effects on context memory: Possible etiology for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"62","author":"Acheson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679964","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1679964","article-title":"Sleep disturbance at pre-deployment is a significant predictor of post-deployment re-experiencing symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Acheson","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021818766461","article-title":"Rule-based processes in generalisation and peak shift in human fear conditioning","volume":"72","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q Journal Exp Psychol (Hove)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae203","article-title":"The relationship between REM sleep prior to analog trauma and intrusive memories","volume":"47","author":"Alkalame","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0025","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric A","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152882","article-title":"Pattern separation in the human hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus","volume":"319","author":"Bakker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3203","article-title":"Biasing the content of hippocampal replay during sleep","volume":"15","author":"Bendor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721420917691","article-title":"Reduced memory coherence for negative events and its relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"29","author":"Bisby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2012.01384.x","article-title":"Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements","volume":"49","author":"Boucsein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13217","article-title":"Alcohol dependence and its relationship with insomnia and other sleep disorders","volume":"40","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8607","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08607.2000","article-title":"Avoidance task training potentiates phasic pontine-wave density in the rat: A mechanism for sleep-dependent plasticity","volume":"20","author":"Datta","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.042","article-title":"More than the sum of its parts: A role for the hippocampus in configural reinforcement learning","volume":"98","author":"Duncan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12006","article-title":"Alcohol and sleep I: Effects on normal sleep","volume":"37","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20707","article-title":"Disruption of ripple-associated hippocampal activity during rest impairs spatial learning in the rat","volume":"20","author":"Ego-Stengel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14032","article-title":"Insomnia and REM sleep instability","volume":"32","author":"Feige","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.80504","article-title":"Declarative memory consolidation: Mechanisms acting during human sleep","volume":"11","author":"Gais","year":"2004","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2798","article-title":"Predeployment sleep duration and insomnia symptoms as risk factors for new-onset mental health disorders following military deployment","volume":"36","author":"Gehrman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115119","article-title":"Elemental and configural representation of a conditioned context","volume":"471","author":"Genheimer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.12.023","article-title":"Configural cue performance in identical twins discordant for posttraumatic stress disorder: Theoretical implications for the role of hippocampal function","volume":"62","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2017_30","article-title":"The future of contextual fear learning for PTSD research: A methodological review of neuroimaging studies","volume":"38","author":"Glenn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2021.107405","article-title":"Elemental and configural threat learning bias extinction generalization","volume":"180","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001894","article-title":"Effects of sleep fragmentation on appetite and related hormone concentrations over 24 h in healthy men","volume":"109","author":"Gonnissen","year":"2013","journal-title":"The British Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100588","article-title":"The importance of REM sleep fragmentation in the effects of stress on sleep: Perspectives from preclinical studies","volume":"28","author":"Grafe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.10.012","article-title":"Differences in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep abnormalities between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder patients: REM interruption correlated with nightmare complaints in PTSD","volume":"43","author":"Habukawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0453-23.2024","article-title":"REM sleep preserves affective response to social stress-experimental study","volume":"11","author":"Halonen","year":"2024","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2010.12.010","article-title":"Sleep and emotional memory processing","volume":"6","author":"van der Helm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Clinics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0621-7","article-title":"Prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events and PTSD. The Zurich cohort study","volume":"256","author":"Hepp","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.04.018","article-title":"Infralimbic activity during REM sleep facilitates fear extinction memory","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01439","article-title":"The role of REM sleep theta activity in emotional memory","volume":"6","author":"Hutchison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031333","article-title":"Association of Sleep Architecture and Physiology with depressive disorder and antidepressants treatment","volume":"22","author":"Hutka","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5044","article-title":"Prevalence and mental health correlates of insomnia in first-encounter veterans with and without military sexual trauma","volume":"38","author":"Jenkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.031740.113","article-title":"Learned together, extinguished apart: Reducing fear to complex stimuli","volume":"20","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185907","article-title":"REM-OSA as a tool to understand both the architecture of sleep and pathogenesis of sleep apnea-literature review","volume":"12","author":"Karuga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0170","first-page":"660","article-title":"Polysomnographically measured sleep abnormalities in PTSD: A meta-analytic review","volume":"44","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the world mental health surveys","volume":"47","author":"Koenen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20160125-01","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder: Updated review and implications for treatment","volume":"46","author":"Koffel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.007","article-title":"Impaired spatial and non-spatial configural learning in patients with hippocampal pathology","volume":"45","author":"Kumaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.09.039","article-title":"Context processing and the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"92","author":"Liberzon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14379","article-title":"Differential effects of sleep position and sleep stage on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"34","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bib486","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipinska G., Thomas K.G.F. (2019). The Interaction of REM Fragmentation and Night-Time Arousal Modulates Sleep-Dependent Emotional Memory Consolidation. Front. Psychol., 01 August 2019, Sec. Consciousness Research and Mindfulness, Volume 10 - 2019.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01766"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08812-3","article-title":"Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep differentially contribute to memory representational transformation","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026","article-title":"Don\u2019t fear \u201cfear conditioning\u201d: Methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear","volume":"77","author":"Lonsdorf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad168","article-title":"Perspectives on increasing the impact and reach of CBT-I","volume":"46","author":"Manber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2022.106749","article-title":"RCT of the effectiveness of stepped-care sleep therapy in general practice: The RESTING study protocol","volume":"116","author":"Manber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contemporary Clinical Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3492","article-title":"The contextual brain: Implications for fear conditioning, extinction and psychopathology","volume":"14","author":"Maren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11754","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0478-14.2014","article-title":"Fear conditioning, safety learning, and sleep in humans","volume":"34","author":"Marshall","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.117.4.751","article-title":"Effects of passive-avoidance training on sleep-wake state-specific activity in the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala","volume":"117","author":"Mavanji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730419848552","article-title":"Cognitive impairments during the transition to working at night and on subsequent night shifts","volume":"34","author":"McHill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Rhythms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0001143","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sleep, and cardiovascular disease risk: A mechanism-focused narrative review","volume":"41","author":"Meinhausen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181a54341","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and nocturnal blood pressure dipping in young adult African Americans","volume":"71","author":"Mellman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1696","article-title":"REM sleep and the early development of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"159","author":"Mellman","year":"2002","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3083-15.2016","article-title":"REM sleep is causal to successful consolidation of dangerous and safety stimuli and reduces return of fear after extinction","volume":"36","author":"Menz","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.001","article-title":"The role of sleep and sleep deprivation in consolidating fear memories","volume":"75","author":"Menz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.07.005","article-title":"Contingency learning deficits and generalization in chronic unilateral hand pain patients","volume":"15","author":"Meulders","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071070","article-title":"Effectivity of (personalized) cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in mental health populations and the elderly: An overview","volume":"12","author":"Mijnster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal Pers Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106442","article-title":"Noradrenergic dysregulation in the locus coeruleus: Implications for neuropsychiatric disease pathophysiology- a systematic review","volume":"179","author":"Mir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.7.929","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in the Vietnam generation: Findings from a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans","volume":"155","author":"Neylan","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.832730","article-title":"Cumulative exposure to traumatic events in older adults","volume":"18","author":"Ogle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2000.16568","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population","volume":"41","author":"Ohayon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.2.290","article-title":"De novo conditioning in trauma-exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"109","author":"Orr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105714","article-title":"The effect of REM-sleep disruption on affective processing: A systematic review of human and animal experimental studies","volume":"162","author":"Pesonen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000138","article-title":"Extinction retention and the menstrual cycle: Different associations for women with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"125","author":"Pineles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2009.00852.x","article-title":"An alternative scoring method for skin conductance responding in a differential fear conditioning paradigm with a long-duration conditioned stimulus","volume":"46","author":"Pineles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034958","article-title":"Sleep disturbance is common among servicemembers and veterans of operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom","volume":"11","author":"Plumb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0325","series-title":"Sleep, Memory and Synaptic Plasticity","first-page":"199","article-title":"The distinctive role of NREM and REM Sleep in the consolidation of fear memory","author":"Qureshi","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab271","article-title":"The relationship of fear-potentiated startle and polysomnography-measured sleep in trauma-exposed men and women with and without PTSD: Testing REM sleep effects and exploring the roles of an integrative measure of sleep, PTSD symptoms, and biological sex","volume":"45","author":"Richards","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000401","article-title":"Race\/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States","volume":"41","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)91152-5","article-title":"Rapid eye movement sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"35","author":"Ross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827619867677","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: An effective and underutilized treatment for insomnia","volume":"13","author":"Rossman","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1494409","article-title":"Context representations, context functions, and the parahippocampal-hippocampal system","volume":"16","author":"Rudy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.09.004","article-title":"Understanding contextual fear conditioning: Insights from a two-process model","volume":"28","author":"Rudy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bib487","first-page":"51","article-title":"Sleep\u2019s impact on emotional recognition memory: A meta-analysis of whole-night, nap, and REM sleep effects","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1978417","article-title":"Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States: A systematic literature review","volume":"37","author":"Schein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Medical Research and Opinion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101501","article-title":"Sleep and fear conditioning, extinction learning and extinction recall: A systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings","volume":"59","author":"Schenker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0370","series-title":"Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS)","author":"Shahid","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zpaf004","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpaf004","article-title":"REM refines and rescues memory representations: A new theory","volume":"6","author":"Shuster","year":"2025","journal-title":"SLEEP Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20231012-01","article-title":"Sleep disturbances associated with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"53","author":"So","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.08.003","article-title":"Mnemonic similarity task: A tool for assessing hippocampal integrity","volume":"23","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0446-6","article-title":"Early childhood behavior trajectories and the likelihood of experiencing a traumatic event and PTSD by young adulthood","volume":"44","author":"Storr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.06.003","article-title":"Characterizing the neural circuitry associated with configural threat learning","volume":"1719","author":"Stout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.03.012","article-title":"Neural measures associated with configural threat acquisition","volume":"150","author":"Stout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0405","first-page":"123","article-title":"Sleep deprivation disrupts recall of conditioned fear extinction","volume":"2","author":"Straus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2024.100655","article-title":"The role of objective sleep in implicit and explicit affect regulation: A comprehensive review","volume":"31","author":"Straus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0415","article-title":"Emotional processing following digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with depressive symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Tamn","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0420","series-title":"Sleep, Memory and Synaptic Plasticity","first-page":"125","article-title":"The Role of Sleep in Emotional Processing","author":"Tempesta","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.12.005","article-title":"Sleep and emotional processing","volume":"40","author":"Tempesta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.025","article-title":"Sleep and the price of plasticity: From synaptic and cellular homeostasis to memory consolidation and integration","volume":"81","author":"Tononi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2020.04.003","article-title":"The role of sleep in emotional processing: Insights and unknowns from rodent research","volume":"15","author":"Trouche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Physiology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70014-5","article-title":"Cognitive consequences of sleep and sleep loss","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0445","article-title":"Pre-deployment insomnia is associated with post-deployment post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation in US Army soldiers stress disorder and suicidal ideation in US Army soldiers","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46508-0","article-title":"Distributed neural representations of conditioned threat in the human brain","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0816-4","article-title":"Effects of antidepressants on sleep","volume":"19","author":"Wichniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2146-24.2025","article-title":"Role of hypothalamic CRH neurons in regulating the impact of stress on memory and sleep","volume":"45","author":"Wiest","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.254","article-title":"Modern robust data analysis methods: Measures of central tendency","volume":"8","author":"Wilcox","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0470","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in US military veterans: Results from the 2019\u20132020 National Health and resilience in veterans study","volume":"83","author":"Wisco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2022.100483","article-title":"Autonomic regulation during sleep in PTSD","volume":"21","author":"Woodward","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.06.006","article-title":"Pattern separation in the hippocampus","volume":"34","author":"Yassa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724002757","article-title":"REM disruption and REM vagal activity predict extinction recall in trauma-exposed individuals","volume":"54","author":"Yuksel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Med."}],"container-title":["Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1074742726000547?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1074742726000547?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T13:28:24Z","timestamp":1786195704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1074742726000547"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["S1074742726000547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1074-7427"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1074-7427","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"REM sleep fragmentation is associated with impaired configural threat learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nlm.2026.108183","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108183"}}