{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:57:49Z","timestamp":1780534669348,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","nmd-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromuscular Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T11:08:37Z","timestamp":1612523317000},"page":"319-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Longitudinal data of neuropsychological profile in a cohort of Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys without cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Battini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Lenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Lucibello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Chieffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Moriconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Cristofani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bulgheroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Cumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Pane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Baranello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Astrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Cioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Mercuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0001","first-page":"544","article-title":"Downward shift in IQ in persons with Duchenne muscular dystrophy compared to those with spinal muscular atrophy","volume":"93","author":"Ogasawara","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Ment Retard"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(06)80008-8","article-title":"Cognitive functions in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a reappraisal and comparison with spinal muscular atrophy","volume":"2","author":"Billard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.4.2.110.3183","article-title":"Neuropsychological profile of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"42","author":"Cotton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.02.003","article-title":"Evaluation of narrative abilities in patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"102","author":"Marini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2011.617782","article-title":"The neuropsychological profile of infantile Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"25","author":"Mento","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15351.x","article-title":"Reading ability and processing in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy","volume":"40","author":"Billard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.08.029","article-title":"Are males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy at risk for reading disabilities?","volume":"34","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2012.660912","article-title":"Specific profiles of neurocognitive and reading functions in a sample of 42 Italian boys with Duchenne Muscular dystrophy","volume":"19","author":"Lorusso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.07.025","article-title":"Reading impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a pilot study to investigate similarities and differences with developmental dyslexia","volume":"45-46","author":"Astrea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.09.001","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a cerebellar disorder?","volume":"32","author":"Cyrulnik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"6303","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/348725a0","article-title":"Localization of dystrophin to postsynaptic regions of central nervous system cortical neurons","volume":"348","author":"Lidov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340414","article-title":"Procedural learning in Parkinson's disease and cerebellar degeneration","volume":"34","author":"Pascual-Leone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.10.1753","article-title":"Cerebellum and procedural learning: evidence from focal cerebellar lesions","volume":"120","author":"Molinari","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doorenweerd N., A. Mahfouz, M. van Putten, Kaliyaperumal R., T' Hoen P.A.C., Hendriksen J.G.M.,\u00a0 et al. Timing and localization of human dystrophin isoform expression provide insights into the cognitive phenotype of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 3; 7 (1), 12575. doi: 10.1038\/s41598-017-12981-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12981-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.11.018","article-title":"Cognitive profile in Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys without intellectual disability: the role of executive functions","volume":"28","author":"Battini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191164","article-title":"Implicit learning deficit in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: evidence for a cerebellar cognitive impairment?","volume":"13","author":"Vicari","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0017","first-page":"497","article-title":"Intelligence and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: full-scale, verbal, and performance intelligence quotients","volume":"43","author":"Cotton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000496","article-title":"Association between intellectual functioning and age in children and young adults with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: further results from a meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Cotton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133214","article-title":"Early neurodevelopmental findings predict school age cognitive abilities in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Chieffo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.01.002","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of verbal span and processing speed in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"25","author":"Hellebrekers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2940","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092940","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of working memory in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"9","author":"Thangarajh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00585-4","article-title":"Dystrophin and mutations: one gene, several proteins, multiple phenotypes","volume":"2","author":"Muntoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0023","series-title":"WISC-IV. Contributo alla taratura Italiana","author":"Orsini","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040903146966","article-title":"NEPSY-II: a developmental neuropsychological assessment, second edition","volume":"16","author":"Brooks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0025","series-title":"Contributo alla taratura italiana","article-title":"NEPSY-II","author":"Urgesi","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0026","series-title":"TOL torre di londra: test di valutazione delle funzioni esecutive (pianificazione e problem solving)","author":"Sannio Fancello","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0027","series-title":"MCST: modified card sorting test: adattamento italiano per l'et\u00e0 evolutiva del wisconsin card sorting test: manuale","author":"Sannio Fancello","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0028","series-title":"BVN 5-11 - Batteria di valutazione neuropsicologica per l'et\u00e0 evolutiva","author":"Bisiacchi","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.2.PEDS13352","article-title":"Preoperative neuropsychological and behavioral evaluation of children with thalamic tumors","volume":"13","author":"Chieffo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.11.2127","article-title":"Poor verbal working memory across intellectual level in boys with Duchenne dystrophy","volume":"54","author":"Hinton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617701711058","article-title":"Selective deficits in verbal working memory associated with a known genetic etiology: the neuropsychological profile of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Hinton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2004.00098.x","article-title":"Investigation of poor academic achievement in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"19","author":"Hinton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Res Pract"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2003.12.010","article-title":"Cortico-subcortical contributions to executive control","volume":"115","author":"Heyder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90309-U","article-title":"Localization of dystrophin in the Purkinje cells of normal mice","volume":"137","author":"Huard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-437X(93)90124-8","article-title":"Dystrophin and related proteins","volume":"3","author":"Tinsley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/4.3.329","article-title":"Dp140: a novel 140kDa CNS transcript from the dystrophin locus","volume":"4","author":"Lidov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf012","article-title":"Brain function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"125","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006574","article-title":"Role of mental retardation-associated dystrophin-gene product Dp71 in excitatory synapse organization, synaptic plasticity and behavioral functions","volume":"4","author":"Daoud","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.02.006","article-title":"One year outcome of boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using the Bayley-III scales of infant and toddler development","volume":"50","author":"Connolly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006","article-title":"Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching","volume":"44","author":"Davidson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714524984","article-title":"Development of hot and cold executive function in boys and girls with ADHD","volume":"21","author":"Skogli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2017.1391190","article-title":"Hot and cool executive function in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: cross-sectional developmental trajectories","volume":"24","author":"Kouklari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.002","article-title":"Development of inhibition and switching: a longitudinal study of the maturation of interference suppression and reversal processes during childhood","volume":"34","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cognit Neurosci"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8362","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2422-18.2019","article-title":"Maturation of brain microstructure and metabolism associates with increased capacity for self-regulation during the transition from childhood to adolescence","volume":"39","author":"Baron Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.024","article-title":"The neural architecture of executive functions is established by middle childhood","volume":"185","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0046","first-page":"300","article-title":"The developmental trajectory of executive functions and their stress sensitivity in adolescence","volume":"34","author":"Igazs\u00e1g","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Hung"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2018.1477928","article-title":"A longitudinal model of executive function development from birth through adolescence in children born very or extremely preterm","volume":"25","author":"St\u00e5lnacke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01375","article-title":"Sex effects on development of brain structure and executive functions: greater variance than mean effects","volume":"31","author":"Wierenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cognit Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Neuromuscular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960896621000274?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960896621000274?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T08:10:46Z","timestamp":1760775046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960896621000274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0960896621000274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-8966"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-8966","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Longitudinal data of neuropsychological profile in a cohort of Duchenne muscular dystrophy boys without cognitive impairment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromuscular Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.01.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}