{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:27:21Z","timestamp":1793953641483,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR082649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR082649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR074457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR074457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS120060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS120060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TR004927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR004927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS114918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS114918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","nmd-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuromuscular Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:48:03Z","timestamp":1773215283000},"page":"106408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cellular therapies in autoimmune neuromuscular disorders: the new frontier"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Ali Aamer","family":"Habib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Armando","family":"Villalta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhant","family":"Pratap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-0188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahseen","family":"Mozaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602678","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"375","author":"Gilhus","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-024-01164-7","article-title":"Pinal-Fernandez I. recent updates on the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies","volume":"26","author":"Musai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01139-z","article-title":"Advancements and challenges in CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","volume":"20","author":"Schett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16229","article-title":"Generalized myasthenia gravis with acetylcholine receptor antibodies: A guidance for treatment","volume":"31","author":"Gilhus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12922-7","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis in 2025: five new things and four hopes for the future","volume":"272","author":"Binks","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602489","article-title":"Randomized trial of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis","volume":"375","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26919","article-title":"Update on immune-mediated therapies for myasthenia gravis","volume":"62","author":"Habib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2501561","article-title":"A Phase 3 Trial of Inebilizumab in generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"392","author":"Nowak","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2025.07.015","article-title":"The mythology of polymyositis","volume":"51","author":"Biliciler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0010","first-page":"617","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms in inflammatory myopathies","volume":"2","author":"Hohlfeld","year":"1993","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283311ddf","article-title":"Inflammatory myopathies: disease mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Greenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.09.016","article-title":"224th ENMC International Workshop:: Clinico-sero-pathological classification of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies Zandvoort, The Netherlands, 14-16 October 2016","volume":"28","author":"Allenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev444","article-title":"Autoantibody levels in myositis patients correlate with clinical response during B cell depletion with rituximab","volume":"55","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000028","article-title":"Anti-HMGCR autoantibodies in European patients with autoimmune necrotizing myopathies: inconstant exposure to statin","volume":"93","author":"Allenbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30344","article-title":"Correlation of anti-signal recognition particle autoantibody levels with creatine kinase activity in patients with necrotizing myopathy","volume":"63","author":"Benveniste","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213518","article-title":"In vivo pathogenicity of IgG from patients with anti-SRP or anti-HMGCR autoantibodies in immune-mediated necrotising myopathy","volume":"78","author":"Bergua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e739","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013176","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: muscle pathology according to antibody subtypes","volume":"98","author":"Tanboon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20219","article-title":"Rituximab therapy for myopathy associated with anti-signal recognition particle antibodies: a case series","volume":"62","author":"Valiyil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6756","article-title":"Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease","volume":"353","author":"Ellebrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0020","first-page":"25","article-title":"Koch's postulates and autoimmunity: an opposing viewpoint","volume":"47","author":"Putterman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25973","article-title":"B cells in the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis","volume":"57","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb51301.x","article-title":"The membrane attack complex of complement at the endplate in myasthenia gravis","volume":"505","author":"Engel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.6.1167","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: quantitative immunocytochemical analysis of inflammatory cells and detection of complement membrane attack complex at the end-plate in 30 patients","volume":"43","author":"Nakano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001011","article-title":"Inhibition of Maternal-to-Fetal Transfer of IgG Antibodies by FcRn blockade in a mouse model of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita","volume":"8","author":"Coutinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-8411(91)90017-7","article-title":"Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in neonatal myasthenia gravis: heterogeneity and pathogenic significance","volume":"4","author":"Eymard","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1981.tb33726.x","article-title":"Monoclonal hybridoma anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies: antibody specificity and effect of passive transfer","volume":"377","author":"Gomez","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.02.025","article-title":"Guidelines for pre-clinical assessment of the acetylcholine receptor\u2013specific passive transfer myasthenia gravis model-Recommendations for methods and experimental designs","volume":"270","author":"Kusner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197711242972102","article-title":"Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drug therapy in myasthenia gravis","volume":"297","author":"Dau","year":"1977","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28289","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin in generalized myasthenia gravis patients with acetylcholine receptor antibodies: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Bril","year":"2025","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2887","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab for new-onset generalized myasthenia gravis: the RINOMAX randomized clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Piehl","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30369-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study","volume":"16","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2501561","article-title":"A Phase 3 Trial of Inebilizumab in generalized myasthenia gravis","author":"Nowak","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34673","article-title":"Antibody levels correlate with creatine kinase levels and strength in anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase-associated autoimmune myopathy","volume":"64","author":"Werner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e376","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013121","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of rituximab in acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis: the BeatMG study","volume":"98","author":"Nowak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823912-4.00015-3","article-title":"Overview of treatment strategies in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes","volume":"200","author":"Kerstens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864231213240","article-title":"Guideline for the management of myasthenic syndromes","volume":"16","author":"Wiendl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032534","article-title":"Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"350","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601277","article-title":"Ocrelizumab versus Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"376","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31817-3","article-title":"Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2\/3 trial","volume":"394","author":"Cree","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90887-0.00010-9","article-title":"The evolution and current status of anti-B-cell therapies in autoimmune neurologic diseases","volume":"214","author":"Aboseif","year":"2026","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01210-9","article-title":"Opportunities and limitations of B cell depletion approaches in SLE","volume":"21","author":"Stockfelt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-083122-044829","article-title":"B Cell-Directed Therapy in Autoimmunity","volume":"42","author":"Abeles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.2120","article-title":"Effects of different B-cell-depleting strategies on the lymphatic tissue","volume":"84","author":"Tur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418761697","article-title":"B cell-based therapies in CNS autoimmunity: differentiating CD19 and CD20 as therapeutic targets","volume":"11","author":"Forsthuber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-02-555169","article-title":"A unique population of IgG-expressing plasma cells lacking CD19 is enriched in human bone marrow","volume":"125","author":"Mei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01043-5","article-title":"Comparison of infectious complications with BCMA-directed therapies in multiple myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Nath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25039","article-title":"Good and bad memories following rituximab therapy","volume":"62","author":"St Clair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01454-0","article-title":"Reemergence of pathogenic, autoantibody-producing B cell clones in myasthenia gravis following B cell depletion therapy","volume":"10","author":"Fichtner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15090978","article-title":"Immunological targets in generalized myasthenia gravis treatment: where are we going now?","volume":"15","author":"Rossini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15266","article-title":"Daratumumab for treatment-refractory antibody-mediated diseases in neurology","volume":"29","author":"Scheibe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16322","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 2 clinical study of telitacicept in adult patients with generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"31","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.06.042","article-title":"CD19xCD3 T cell engager blinatumomab effective in refractory generalized myasthenic syndromes","volume":"33","author":"Ruck","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.06.029","article-title":"Effective use of BCMA-targeting bispecific T cell-engaging antibody in treatment-refractory LRP4(+) myasthenia gravis","volume":"33","author":"Schreiber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2024.100264","article-title":"Cellular therapies in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"10","author":"Franco-Fuquen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01126-1","article-title":"CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","volume":"402","author":"Schett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00211-9","article-title":"Are CAR T cells the answer to myasthenia gravis therapy?","volume":"22","author":"Meisel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2023.101865","article-title":"New and future therapies: changes in the therapeutic armamentarium for SLE","volume":"37","author":"Askanase","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27029","article-title":"The role of chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell therapy in immune-mediated Neurological Diseases","volume":"96","author":"Brittain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020467","article-title":"Exploring CAR T-cell dynamics: balancing potent cytotoxicity and controlled Inflammation in CAR T-cells derived from systemic sclerosis and myositis patients","volume":"26","author":"Dingfelder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.03.006","article-title":"Therapeutic intersections: Expanding benefits of CD19 CAR T cells from cancer to autoimmunity","volume":"31","author":"Sosnoski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04170-z","article-title":"BCMA-directed mRNA CAR-T cell therapy for myasthenia gravis: exploratory biomarker analysis of a placebo-controlled phase 2b trial","author":"Fedak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-226142","article-title":"CD19-CAR T-cell therapy induces deep tissue depletion of B cells","volume":"84","author":"Tur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01559-z","article-title":"Engineering the next-generation of CAR T-cells with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing","volume":"21","author":"Dimitri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04171-y","article-title":"BCMA-directed mRNA CAR T cell therapy for myasthenia gravis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial","author":"Vu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01637-z","article-title":"Precision targeting of autoantigen-specific B cells in muscle-specific tyrosine kinase myasthenia gravis with chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells","volume":"41","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadm8186","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adm8186","article-title":"Chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells clonally eliminate B cells producing autoantibodies against IFN-\u03b3","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00140-6","article-title":"B cell-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells as an emerging therapy in neuroimmunological diseases","volume":"23","author":"Haghikia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead616","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy: a new emerging landscape in autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"63","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4100","article-title":"The toxicity of cell therapy: Mechanism, manifestations, and challenges","volume":"41","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240310002298","article-title":"Voluntary accreditation of cellular therapies: foundation for the accreditation of cellular therapy (FACT)","volume":"5","author":"Warkentin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108682","article-title":"NK cells - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"107","author":"Hojjatipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.825979","article-title":"Engineered NK cells against cancer and their potential applications beyond","volume":"13","author":"Karvouni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115888","article-title":"The paths and challenges of \"off-the-shelf\" CAR-T cell therapy: an overview of clinical trials","volume":"169","author":"Moradi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1857361","article-title":"Lymphodepletion strategies to potentiate adoptive T-cell immunotherapy - what are we doing; where are we going?","volume":"21","author":"Bechman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001743","article-title":"Comparison of non-myeloablative lymphodepleting preconditioning regimens in patients undergoing adoptive T cell therapy","volume":"9","author":"Nissani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-018-0019-6","article-title":"Fludarabine and neurotoxicity in engineered T-cell therapy","volume":"25","author":"Lowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00194-1","article-title":"Safety and clinical activity of autologous RNA chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG-001): a prospective, multicentre, open-label, non-randomised phase 1b\/2a study","volume":"22","author":"Granit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2015.1047345","article-title":"The role of T regulatory cells in immunopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: implications for therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Alahgholi-Hajibehzad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930802282651","article-title":"Quantification and molecular characterization of regulatory T cells in connective tissue diseases","volume":"42","author":"Banica","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0892-8","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis","volume":"14","author":"Danikowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138519","article-title":"Oleic acid restores suppressive defects in tissue-resident FOXP3 Tregs from patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"131","author":"Pompura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009925","article-title":"Regulatory T cells suppress muscle inflammation and injury in muscular dystrophy","volume":"6","author":"Villalta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-00994-x","article-title":"The regulation and differentiation of regulatory T cells and their dysfunction in autoimmune diseases","volume":"24","author":"Sumida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12162115","article-title":"Development of Beta-Amyloid-Specific CAR-Tregs for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"12","author":"Saetzler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1374","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200013","article-title":"Immunophenotyping of inclusion body myositis blood T and NK cells","volume":"98","author":"Goyal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.657768","article-title":"Emerging Therapeutics for immune tolerance: tolerogenic vaccines, T cell Therapy, and IL-2 Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Moorman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299rv4","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa7322","article-title":"Immune-mediated pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1404828","article-title":"Prognostic significance of natural killer cell depletion in predicting progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"15","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00375-7","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T cells for refractory myasthenia gravis","volume":"22","author":"Haghikia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/s44321-024-00043-z","article-title":"B cell lineage reconstitution underlies CAR-T cell therapeutic efficacy in patients with refractory myasthenia gravis","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12380","article-title":"Integrated classification of inflammatory myopathies","volume":"43","author":"Allenbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37754","article-title":"Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: a randomized, placebo-phase trial","volume":"65","author":"Oddis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00023-5","article-title":"CD19-targeted CAR T cells in refractory antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"401","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04185-6","article-title":"CD19 CAR-T cells for treatment-refractory autoimmune diseases: the phase 1\/2 CASTLE basket trial","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03718-3","article-title":"BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19 CAR T cells","volume":"31","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308917","article-title":"CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease - a case series with follow-up","volume":"390","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.09.009","article-title":"Case study of CD19 CAR T therapy in a subject with immune-mediate necrotizing myopathy treated in the RESET-Myositis phase I\/II trial","volume":"32","author":"Volkov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.06.027","article-title":"Allogeneic CD19-targeted CAR-T therapy in patients with severe myositis and systemic sclerosis","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2315990121","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of refractory anti-SRP necrotizing myopathy treated with anti-BCMA CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"121","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8753","article-title":"CD19-Targeting CAR T cells for myositis and interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"329","author":"Pecher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42933","article-title":"Autologous CD19-Targeting CAR T cells in a patient with refractory juvenile dermatomyositis","volume":"76","author":"Nicolai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.7240","article-title":"CD19-Targeting CAR T-Cell therapy for antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"329","author":"Lundberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2408786","article-title":"BCMA-targeted T-Cell-engager therapy for autoimmune disease","volume":"391","author":"Hagen","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01188-w","article-title":"Stiff-person Syndrome and GAD antibody-spectrum disorders: GABAergic neuronal excitability, immunopathogenesis and update on antibody therapies","volume":"19","author":"Dalakas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2403227121","article-title":"Successful use of anti-CD19 CAR T cells in severe treatment-refractory stiff-person syndrome","volume":"121","author":"Faissner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00754-1","article-title":"Long-term outcomes following CAR T cell therapy: what we know so far","volume":"20","author":"Cappell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01467","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-Up of Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy","volume":"38","author":"Cappell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.71.3024","article-title":"Lymphoma remissions caused by Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor t cells are associated with high serum interleukin-15 levels","volume":"35","author":"Kochenderfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e3181b88ffc","article-title":"Increased intensity lymphodepletion enhances tumor treatment efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells","volume":"33","author":"Wrzesinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2030164","article-title":"Five-Year Outcomes for refractory b-cell lymphomas with CAR T-cell therapy","volume":"384","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-04-703751","article-title":"Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management","volume":"127","author":"Brudno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2018.11.002","article-title":"Recent advances in CAR T-cell toxicity: mechanisms, manifestations and management","volume":"34","author":"Brudno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2024.12.002","article-title":"Neurotoxicity and rare adverse events in BCMA-Directed CAR T cell therapy: a comprehensive analysis of real-world FAERS data","volume":"31","author":"Ellithi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01564-7","article-title":"Neurocognitive and hypokinetic movement disorder with features of parkinsonism after BCMA-targeting CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"27","author":"Van Oekelen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Neuromuscular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960896626000763?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0960896626000763?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:02:14Z","timestamp":1793952134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0960896626000763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["S0960896626000763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-8966"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-8966","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cellular therapies in autoimmune neuromuscular disorders: the new frontier","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neuromuscular Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2026.106408","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106408"}}