{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:31:26Z","timestamp":1783380686979,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,30]],"date-time":"2016-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kuwait University Research Sector","award":["YM 02\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YM 02\/12"]}]},{"name":"College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University, Kuwait"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Microbes and New Infections"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,3]],"date-time":"2016-04-03T00:30:08Z","timestamp":1459643408000},"page":"24-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"special_numbering":"C","title":["High prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin\u2013producing epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 15 (EMRSA-15) strains in Kuwait hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"E.E.","family":"Udo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.S.","family":"Boswihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Al-Sweih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000215","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000215","article-title":"Geographic distribution of Staphylococcus aureus causing invasive infections in Europe. A molecular epidemiological analysis","volume":"7","author":"Grundman","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00013542-199807000-00004","article-title":"Genetics of MRSA","volume":"9","author":"Grubb","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(90)90047-R","article-title":"A\u00a0survey of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus affecting patients in England and Wales","volume":"16","author":"Kerr","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf117","article-title":"A\u00a0new UK strain of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA-17) resistant to multiple antibiotics","volume":"50","author":"Aucken","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(93)90007-M","article-title":"Characterization of a strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA-15) by conventional and molecular methods","volume":"25","author":"Richardson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.147710.112","article-title":"A\u00a0genomic portrait of the emergence, evolution, and global spread of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pandemic","volume":"23","author":"Holden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"38","author":"Enright","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.1.143","article-title":"Dominance of EMRSA-15 and -16 among MRSA causing nosocomial bacteraemia in the UK: analysis of isolates from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS)","volume":"48","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(01)80006-0","article-title":"Characteristics of a new epidemic MRSA in Germany ancestral to United Kingdom EMRSA 15","volume":"290","author":"Witte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46883-0","article-title":"Subtyping of ST22-MRSA-IV (Barnim epidemic MRSA strain) at a university clinic in Germany from 2002 to 2005","volume":"56","author":"Ghebremedhin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143485.x","article-title":"A\u00a0British epidemic strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (UK EMRSA-15) in Western Australia","volume":"174","author":"Pearman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2923-2925.2005","article-title":"Dissemination of multisusceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Singapore","volume":"43","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.017632-0","article-title":"Epidemic meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA-15) variants detected in healthy and diseased individuals in India","volume":"59","author":"Nadig","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400065X","article-title":"Dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SCCmec type IV and SCCmec type V epidemic clones in a tertiary hospital: challenge to infection control","volume":"143","author":"Dhawan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01112-09","article-title":"Predominance and emergence of clones of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Malaysia","volume":"48","author":"Ghaznavi-Rad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01350.x","article-title":"Characterization of non multiresistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (including EMRSA-15) in Kuwait Hospitals","volume":"12","author":"Udo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-146","article-title":"Characterisation of MRSA strains isolated from patients in a hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Monecke","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2011-200436","article-title":"Change in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones at a tertiary care hospital in the United Arab Emirates over a 5-year period","volume":"65","author":"Sonnevend","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12240","article-title":"Molecular characterization of MRSA isolated over a two year period in a Qatari hospital from multinational patients","volume":"20","author":"El-Mahdy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/nmi2.47","article-title":"Genotyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman reveals the dominance of a Panton-Valentine leukocidin\u2013negative ST6-IV\/t304 clone","volume":"2","author":"Udo","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib21","volume":"Vol. 32, no. 3","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(99)90014-0","article-title":"Molecular fingerprinting of mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a burn unit","volume":"3","author":"Udo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.63.257","article-title":"Identification of staphylocoagulase genotypes I\u2013X and discrimination of type IV and V subtypes by multiplex PCR assay for clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"63","author":"Hirose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2155-2161.2002","article-title":"Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"46","author":"Oliveira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.10.5026-5033.2005","article-title":"Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types I to V in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5442-5448.2003","article-title":"Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital setting by using novel software for spa repeat determination and database management","volume":"41","author":"Harmsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-98","article-title":"Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP): an algorithm to characterize the long-term evolution of Staphylococcus aureus populations based upon spa polymorphisms","volume":"7","author":"Mellmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00426.x","article-title":"Assignment of Staphylococcus aureus isolates to clonal complexes based on microarray analysis and pattern recognition","volume":"53","author":"Monecke","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017936","article-title":"A\u00a0field guide to pandemic, epidemic and sporadic clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"6","author":"Monecke","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042864","article-title":"A\u00a0typical hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone is widespread in the community in the Gaza strip","volume":"7","author":"Biber","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0120008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120008","article-title":"MRSA clonal complex 22 strains harbouring toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) are endemic in the primary hospital in Gaza, Palestine","volume":"10","author":"Al Laham","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000010","article-title":"The epidemiology and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci sampled from a healthy Jordanian population","volume":"141","author":"Al-Bakri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-64","article-title":"Clonal complexes and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus from several cities in India","volume":"12","author":"Shambat","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0075-3","article-title":"Clonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland between 2012 and 2014","volume":"14","author":"Seidl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.03.023","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the first community-acquired methicicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from central Iran","volume":"17","author":"Japoni-Nejad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.01.022","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from employees, children, and environmental surfaces in Iowa child daycare facilities","volume":"43","author":"Moritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-009-0834-1","article-title":"Characterisation of MRSA from Malta and the description of a Maltese epidemic MRSA strain","volume":"29","author":"Scicluna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.6438","article-title":"The high diversity of MRSA clones detected in a university hospital in Istanbul","volume":"10","author":"Oksuz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02653-13","article-title":"Extensive genetic diversity identified among sporadic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered in Irish hospitals between 2000 and 2012","volume":"58","author":"Kinnevey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["New Microbes and New Infections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2052297516300075?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2052297516300075?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T23:30:42Z","timestamp":1655422242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2052297516300075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S2052297516300075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-2975"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-2975","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}}}