{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T05:32:32Z","timestamp":1741239152565,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.es","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurolog\u00eda (English Edition)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T22:44:57Z","timestamp":1739313897000},"page":"204-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Focusing on post-COVID syndrome fatigue"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Egu\u00edlaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Alava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.L.","family":"Ram\u00f3n-Trapero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Castillo-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"G\u00f3mez Loizaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Penco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Boukichou-Abdelkader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27376","article-title":"The global epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their mutational immune escape","volume":"94","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2021.1847640","article-title":"Natural history of COVID-19 and therapeutic options","volume":"16","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.028","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms: a postinfectious entity?","volume":"26","author":"Davido","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01104-y","article-title":"Pathological sequelae of long-haul COVID","volume":"23","author":"Mehandru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, 6 October 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2021.100838","article-title":"A multi-centre, cross-sectional study on coronavirus disease 2019 in Bangladesh: clinical epidemiology and short-term outcomes in recovered individuals","volume":"40","author":"Mannan","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0035","article-title":"More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv [Preprint]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01511","article-title":"Chronic critical illness and the persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Hawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1924397","article-title":"Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments","volume":"53","author":"Yong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2022.2042991","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 syndrome, low-grade inflammation and inflammatory markers: a cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Maamar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0055","first-page":"517","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 condition: where are we now?","volume":"12","author":"Boaventura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2021.06.012","article-title":"Post COVID fatigue: can we really ignore it?","volume":"69","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","article-title":"Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-021-00949-1","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder after the outbreak of the COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Simani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117179","article-title":"Post-COVID 19 Neurological Syndrome (PCNS); a novel syndrome with challenges for the global neurology community","volume":"419","author":"Wijeratne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","article-title":"Fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Ceban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041453","article-title":"Treatment, persistent symptoms, and depression in people infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh","volume":"18","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.384","article-title":"Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up","volume":"169","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab440","article-title":"Long COVID and post-infective fatigue syndrome: a review","volume":"8","author":"Sandler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10121012","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 fatigue: potential contributing factors","volume":"10","author":"Rudroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.08.008","article-title":"Prevalence, trajectory over time, and risk factor of post-COVID-19 fatigue","volume":"155","author":"Mazza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2020.100057","article-title":"COVID-19-associated sleep disorders: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Tony","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909113494748","article-title":"Fatigue in healthy and diseased individuals","volume":"31","author":"Finsterer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90081-P","article-title":"Development of a fatigue scale","volume":"37","author":"Chalder","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqu168","article-title":"The Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ 11)","volume":"65","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep QualityIndex: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(02)72429-9","article-title":"[Validation of the Spanish versions of the Montgomery-Asberg depression and Hamilton anxiety rating scales]","volume":"118","author":"Lobo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2012-1048","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2017.01.013","article-title":"Validation of the Spanish-language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test in adults older than 60 years","volume":"34","author":"Delgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurologia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0155","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Encuesta Nacional de Salud. Espa\u00f1a 2011\/12. Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adultos: EQ-5D-5L. Serie Informes monogr\u00e1ficos no 3. [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/estadEstudios\/estadisticas\/encuestaNacional\/encuestaNac2011\/informesMonograficos\/CVRS_adultos_EQ_5D_5L.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102947","article-title":"Post-COVID \u00edndrome. A case series and comprehensive review","volume":"20","author":"Anaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3377","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3377","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes as high-risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19)","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.27287.1","article-title":"\u2018The long tail of Covid-19\u2019 - The detection of a prolonged inflammatory response after a SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic and mildly affected patients","volume":"9","author":"Doykov","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100155","article-title":"Regulation of energy metabolism by inflammation: a feedback response in obesity and calorie restriction","volume":"2","author":"Ye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133886","article-title":"Neuropsychological predictors of fatigue in post-COVID syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Matias-Guiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0190","article-title":"Multimodal neuroimaging in post-COVID syndrome and correlation with cognition","author":"D\u00edez-Cirarda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.769511","article-title":"Brainstem abnormalities in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue syndrome: a scoping review and evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"12","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab009","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19","volume":"144","author":"Hosp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14478","article-title":"COVID-19-related encephalopathy: a case series with brain FDG-positron-emission tomography\/computed tomography findings","volume":"27","author":"Delorme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-04973-x","article-title":"18F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in post-SARS-CoV-2 infection: substrate for persistent\/delayed disorders?","volume":"48","author":"Guedj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112283","article-title":"18F-FDG-PET imaging for post-COVID-19 brain and skeletal muscle alterations","volume":"13","author":"Rudroff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1029842","article-title":"Neuropsychological impairment in post-COVID condition individuals with and without cognitive complaints","volume":"14","author":"Ariza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020265","article-title":"Examining association of personality characteristics and neuropsychiatric symptons in post-COVID syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Delgado-Alonso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.021","article-title":"Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up","volume":"94","author":"Mazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1583652","article-title":"The relationship between sleep and autonomic health","volume":"68","author":"Oliver","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.12.016","article-title":"Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor improves sleep continuity in patients with treatment resistant depression and high inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Weinberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1692","article-title":"A brain MRI study of chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence of brainstem dysfunction and altered homeostasis","volume":"24","author":"Barnden","year":"2011","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00725","article-title":"Deleterious outcomes in Long-Hauler COVID-19: the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the CNS in chronic COVID syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Neurolog\u00eda (English Edition)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2173580825000045?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2173580825000045?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:28:35Z","timestamp":1741220915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2173580825000045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2173580825000045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2173-5808"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2173-5808"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Focusing on post-COVID syndrome fatigue","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurolog\u00eda (English Edition)","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrleng.2025.02.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrl.2023.09.001","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Neurolog\u00eda. Published by Elsevier Espa\u00f1a, S.L.U.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}