{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:19:54Z","timestamp":1790630394619,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,6]],"date-time":"2012-03-06T09:53:10Z","timestamp":1331027590000},"page":"387-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Macrophage polarization: The answer to the diet\/inflammation conundrum?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Dall\u2019Asta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Derlindati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Ardig\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Zavaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Brighenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.015","article-title":"The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization","volume":"25","author":"Mantovani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nri978","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Gordon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib3","first-page":"S50","article-title":"Masui. Mechanism of macrophage activation by LPS","volume":"51","author":"Takeshige","year":"2002","journal-title":"Masui"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6166","article-title":"M-1\/M-2 macrophages and the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"164","author":"Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000097769.47306.12","article-title":"Regulation of superoxide anion production by NADPH oxidase in monocyte\/macrophage: contributions to atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Cathcart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22422","article-title":"Interleukin-4 regulates proteoglycan-induced arthritis by specifically suppressing the innate immune response","volume":"56","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.05.007","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions","volume":"32","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2253","article-title":"Shaping gene expression in activated and resting primary macrophages by IL-10","volume":"169","author":"Lang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324323","article-title":"Expression profiling of IL-10-regulated genes in human monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from psoriatic patients during IL-10 therapy","volume":"34","author":"Jung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20118","article-title":"Macrophages: an elusive yet emerging therapeutic target in atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Tiwari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.06.010","article-title":"PPARgamma activation primes human monocytes into alternative M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"6","author":"Bouhlel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0195","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: macrophage-derived foam cells emerging as therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Choudhury","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.233775","article-title":"Human atherosclerotic plaque alternative macrophages display low cholesterol handling but high phagocytosis because of distinct activities of the PPAR\u03b3 and LXR\u03b1 pathways","volume":"108","author":"Chinetti-Gbaguidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135846","article-title":"Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"72","author":"Olefsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803632","article-title":"Human adipose tissue macrophages are of an anti-inflammatory phenotype but capable of excessive pro-inflammatory mediator production","volume":"31","author":"Zeyda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0925","article-title":"Human adipose tissue macrophages: m1 and m2 cell surface markers in subcutaneous and omental depots and after weight loss","volume":"94","author":"Aron-Wisnewsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib17","first-page":"105","article-title":"Exercise training inhibits inflammation in adipose tissue via both suppression of macrophage infiltration and acceleration of phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 macrophages in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice","volume":"16","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.002","article-title":"Low-intensity exercise enhances expression of markers of alternative activation in circulating leukocytes: roles of PPAR\u03b3 and Th2 cytokines","volume":"212","author":"Yakeu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2008.03.004","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in tumour progression","volume":"18","author":"Sica","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2010.11.009","article-title":"HRG inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by inducing macrophage polarization and vessel normalization through downregulation of PlGF","volume":"19","author":"Rolny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000203511.66681.7f","article-title":"Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on plaque inflammation and collagen content in nondiabetic patients: data from a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Meisner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05894","article-title":"Macrophage-specific PPARgamma controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance","volume":"447","author":"Odegaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141247","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: how their effects on macrophages can lead to the development of a new drug therapy against atherosclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-07-0502","article-title":"Low- but not high-dose FK506 treatment confers atheroprotection due to alternative macrophage activation and unaffected cholesterol levels","volume":"104","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1836","article-title":"CD36 ligands promote sterile inflammation through assembly of a Toll-like receptor 4 and 6 heterodimer","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.024","article-title":"Profound resolution of early atherosclerosis with conjugated linoleic acid","volume":"187","author":"Toomey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.170779","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces an antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages","volume":"102","author":"Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H656","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00115.2010","article-title":"Adiponectin primes human monocytes into alternative anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages","volume":"299","author":"Lovren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib29","article-title":"Adenosine promotes alternative macrophage activation via A2A and A2B receptors","author":"Cs\u00f3ka","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0610355","article-title":"Suppressing LPS-induced early signal transduction in macrophages by a polyphenol degradation product: a critical role of MKP-1","volume":"89","author":"Tucsek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.296","article-title":"Polyphenol-rich grape powder extract (GPE) attenuates inflammation in human macrophages and in human adipocytes exposed to macrophage-conditioned media","volume":"34","author":"Overman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.05.085","article-title":"Fatty acids and inflammation: the cutting edge between food and pharma","volume":"668","author":"Calder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.04.003","article-title":"Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression by trans10-cis12 conjugated linoleic acid enhances phagocytosis of RAW macrophages via a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent pathway","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(02)00126-9","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid decreases production of pro-inflammatory products in macrophages: evidence for a PPAR gamma-dependent mechanism","volume":"1581","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.221","article-title":"Identification of the 100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols: an application of the phenol-explorer database","volume":"64","author":"P\u00e9rez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.02.008","article-title":"Effect of quercetin and its metabolites isorhamnetin and quercetin-3-glucuronide on inflammatory gene expression: role of miR-155","volume":"22","author":"Boesch-Saadatmandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib37","article-title":"Omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid and procyanidins inhibit cyclooxygenase activity and attenuate NF-\u03baB activation through a p105\/p50 regulatory mechanism in macrophage inflammation","author":"Martinez-Micaelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1270762","article-title":"Effects of flavonoids on prostaglandin E2 production and on COX-2 and mPGES-1 expressions in activated macrophages","volume":"77","author":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2011.44.3.194","article-title":"Resveratrol activates AMPK and suppresses LPS-induced NF-kB-dependent COX-2 activation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells","volume":"44","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511005642","article-title":"Effects of blackcurrant-based juice on atherosclerosis-related biomarkers in cultured macrophages and in human subjects after consumption of a high-energy meal","author":"Huebbe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2009.05.015","article-title":"Polyphenols and health: what compounds are involved?","volume":"20","author":"Del Rio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1039\/b802662a","article-title":"Dietary phenolics: chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health","volume":"26","author":"Crozier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"}],"container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475311002869?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475311002869?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T13:50:49Z","timestamp":1543153849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0939475311002869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0939475311002869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.12.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-4753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-4753","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}