{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:26:58Z","timestamp":1792099618004,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":359,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","nmcd-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T01:25:13Z","timestamp":1605230713000},"page":"921-929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of caloric restriction with or without physical activity on body composition and epicardial fat in type 2 diabetic patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1910-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9e","family":"Leroux-Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Elisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6761-2648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9mah","family":"Tagougui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8399-7050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Supp\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5913-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hortensia","family":"Mircescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Desjardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Messier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Iacobellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Rabasa-Lhoret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30058-2","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2337\/ds17-0013","article-title":"Role of physical activity for weight loss and weight maintenance","volume":"30","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.08.020","article-title":"The effect of type 2 diabetes on body composition of older adults","volume":"31","author":"Koster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2415","article-title":"Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Wing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2217\/clp.10.89","article-title":"Perivascular adipose tissue and vascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Britton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2015.39.5.405","article-title":"Increased epicardial adipose tissue thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.58","article-title":"Local and systemic effects of the multifaceted epicardial adipose tissue depot","volume":"11","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4914","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666191206091105","article-title":"Epicardial fat: a new therapeutic target in psoriasis","volume":"25","author":"Kamath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pharmaceut Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S005","article-title":"5. Lifestyle management: standards of medical care in diabetes-2019","volume":"42","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1881","article-title":"Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Chudyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib11","first-page":"14","article-title":"Diabetes Canada 2018 clinical practice guidelines","volume":"65","author":"Ivers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1212914","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes","volume":"369","author":"Look Ahead Research Group","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib13","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Introduction","volume":"42","author":"Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0856","article-title":"Effect of a 12-month intensive lifestyle intervention on hepatic steatosis in adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Lazo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00863.x","article-title":"Effect of caloric restriction with and without exercise training on oxidative stress and endothelial function in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Wycherley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90253-L","article-title":"Effect of an energy-restrictive diet, with or without exercise, on lean tissue mass, resting metabolic rate, cardiovascular risk factors, and bone in overweight postmenopausal women","volume":"95","author":"Svendsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0760-8","article-title":"Effect of a high-protein energy-restricted diet combined with resistance training on metabolic profile in older individuals with metabolic impairments","volume":"21","author":"Amamou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib18","series-title":"Welcome to Canada's food guide","author":"Canada","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib19","article-title":"Canada PHA of. Physical activity and your health","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aemilianense"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib20","first-page":"42","article-title":"Body composition and epicardial fat in type 2 diabetes patients following insulin detemir versus insulin glargine initiation","volume":"48","author":"Elisha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.364","article-title":"Identifying metabolically healthy but obese individuals in sedentary postmenopausal women","volume":"18","author":"Messier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.45","article-title":"Epicardial fat from echocardiography: a new method for visceral adipose tissue prediction","volume":"11","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1139\/h11-016","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of a portable monitor to assess energy expenditure","volume":"36","author":"Brazeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.06.011","article-title":"The association of lean and fat mass with all-cause mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"26","author":"Spahillari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.09.006","article-title":"Exercise and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older adults","volume":"28","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21172","article-title":"Improving diabetes outcomes through lifestyle change--A randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Delahanty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3178","article-title":"Effects of adding exercise to a 16-week very low-calorie diet in obese, insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"97","author":"Snel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0099-4","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue in endocrine and metabolic diseases","volume":"46","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000099542.57313.C5","article-title":"Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators","volume":"108","author":"Mazurek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2008.05.002","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue thickness by echocardiography is a marker for the presence and severity of coronary artery disease","volume":"19","author":"Eroglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2009.10.013","article-title":"Echocardiographic epicardial fat: a review of research and clinical applications","volume":"22","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-016-0802-5","article-title":"Measurement of epicardial fat thickness by transthoracic echocardiography for predicting high-risk coronary artery plaques","volume":"31","author":"Tachibana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Ves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.6","article-title":"Threshold values of high-risk echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness","volume":"16","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.251","article-title":"Substantial changes in epicardial fat thickness after weight loss in severely obese subjects","volume":"16","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2009.01.010","article-title":"Comparison of epicardial, abdominal and regional fat compartments in response to weight loss","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90756.2008","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training reduces epicardial fat in obese men","volume":"106","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq106","article-title":"Intradialytic exercise training reduces oxidative stress and epicardial fat: a pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Wilund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.03.005","article-title":"Effects of weight loss on epicardial adipose tissue thickness and its relationship between serum soluble CD40 ligand levels in obese men","volume":"421","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23623","article-title":"A meta-analysis of randomized trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"52","author":"Musso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20624","article-title":"Epicardial fat thickness and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese subjects","volume":"22","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"}],"container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475320304816?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475320304816?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T16:15:47Z","timestamp":1760544947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0939475320304816"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0939475320304816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-4753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-4753","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of caloric restriction with or without physical activity on body composition and epicardial fat in type 2 diabetic patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}