{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:00:00Z","timestamp":1792724400222,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HL135300-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HL135300-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005977","name":"Kaiser Permanente","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007249","name":"University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL150053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL150053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007249","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008250","name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008333","name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201800003I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201800003I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008333","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","nmcd-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T08:37:48Z","timestamp":1698136668000},"page":"466-474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Added sugar intake is associated with weight gain and risk of developing obesity over 30 years: The CARDIA study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Endy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5181-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So-Yun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8010-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian T.","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2424-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"Shikany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7232-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"David R.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae K.","family":"Goins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4053-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyn M.","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib1","series-title":"National Institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases","article-title":"Health risks of overweight and obesity","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib2","series-title":"Mortality in the United States, 2019. NCHS data brief, No, 2020 No. 395","author":"Kochanek","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.20051","article-title":"Toward precision approaches for the prevention and treatment of obesity","volume":"319","author":"Yanovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31829c39d0","article-title":"Risk factors for obesity in children and adults","volume":"61","author":"Siddarth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Invest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-012-0259-6","article-title":"Sweeteners and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: the role of sugar-sweetened beverages","volume":"12","author":"Malik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.15406\/aowmc.2020.10.00312","article-title":"The causes of obesity: an in-depth review","volume":"10","author":"Omer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Obes Weight Manag Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898002000350X","article-title":"Is the world converging to a \u2018Western diet\u2019?","volume":"24","author":"Azzam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Publ Health Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib8","first-page":"2004","article-title":"Trends in intake of energy and total sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States among children and adults","volume":"11","author":"Marriott","year":"2019","journal-title":"NHANES"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0225-2","article-title":"A review of total & added sugar intakes and dietary sources in Europe","volume":"16","author":"Azais-Braeson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.687643","article-title":"Sources of added sugars intake among the U.S. population: analysis by selected sociodemographic factors using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011\u201318","volume":"8","author":"Ricciuto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300562","article-title":"Consistency between increasing trends in added-sugar intake and body mass index among adults: the Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980\u20131982 to 2007\u20132009","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.274","article-title":"Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Malik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.205229","article-title":"Soft drink consumption is positively associateold with increased waist circumference and 10-year incidence of abdominal obesity in Spanish adults","volume":"145","author":"Funtikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.8.927","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women","volume":"292","author":"Schulze","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib15","first-page":"445","article-title":"Restaurant foods, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, and obesity risk among young African American women","volume":"23","author":"Boggs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib16","article-title":"Sugar sweetened beverages and weight gain over 4 years in a Thai national cohort \u2013 a prospective analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00655-y","article-title":"Sugar and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and all-cause mortality: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib18","first-page":"53","article-title":"Consumption of added sugars by rural residents of Southwest Virginia","volume":"2","author":"Yuhas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appalach Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib19","series-title":"Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.31883\/pjfns\/110735","article-title":"The dose makes the poison: sugar and obesity in the United States - a review","volume":"69","author":"Faruque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol J Food Nutr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90080-7","article-title":"CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects","volume":"41","author":"Friedman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(87)90008-0","article-title":"Recruitment in the coronary Artery disease risk development in young adults (cardia) study","volume":"8","author":"Hughes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Contr Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)01299-2","article-title":"The CARDIA dietary history: development, implementation, and evaluation","volume":"91","author":"McDonald","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib24","first-page":"15","article-title":"A study of the reliability and comparative validity of the CARDIA dietary history","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib25","first-page":"51S","article-title":"Clinical Guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults-the evidence report. National Institutes of health","volume":"6","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"American heart association; national heart, Lung, and blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American heart association\/national heart, Lung, and blood Institute scientific statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-198911000-00003","article-title":"Validity and reliability of short physical activity history","volume":"9","author":"Jacobs","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.239","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy and pregnancy predictors of obesity","volume":"34","author":"Melzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10842","article-title":"Obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"106","author":"Kahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2006.00686.x","article-title":"Insulin-associated weight gain in diabetes \u2013 causes, effects and coping strategies","volume":"9","author":"Russell-Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0869-z","article-title":"IARC working group on Energy Balance and Obesity. Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?","volume":"28","author":"Romieu Romieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3390\/diabetology3040042","article-title":"Impact of dietary sugars on gut microbiota and metabolic health","volume":"3","author":"Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetology"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809255105","article-title":"Differential effects of central fructose and glucose on hypothalamic malonyl-CoA and food intake","volume":"105","author":"Cha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.11.025","article-title":"Effects of sugar solutions on hypothalamic appetite regulation","volume":"139","author":"Colley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002659","article-title":"The role of dietary components in leptin resistance","volume":"3","author":"Vasselli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.04.043","article-title":"Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell","volume":"134","author":"Rada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.01.025","article-title":"Postingestive modulation of food seeking depends on vagus-mediated dopamine neuron activity","volume":"111","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib38","series-title":"Adult obesity causes & consequences","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.16.1523","article-title":"The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity","volume":"282","author":"Must","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0976","article-title":"Risk factors associated with alzheimer disease and related dementias by sex and race and ethnicity in the US","volume":"79","author":"Nianogo","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-88","article-title":"The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Guh","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02753.x","article-title":"Health and mortality consequences of abdominal obesity: evidence from the AusDiab study","volume":"191","author":"Cameron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800584","article-title":"Assessment of selective under-reporting of food intake by both obese and non-obese women in a metabolic facility","volume":"22","author":"Poppitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Obes"}],"container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475323004295?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475323004295?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T03:37:11Z","timestamp":1746761831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0939475323004295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0939475323004295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-4753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-4753","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Added sugar intake is associated with weight gain and risk of developing obesity over 30 years: The CARDIA study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.10.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}