{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:19:34Z","timestamp":1781630374993,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,29]],"date-time":"2024-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","nmcd-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T07:19:29Z","timestamp":1735370369000},"page":"103831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Increased risk of coronary artery diseases in overweight and obese individuals is partially mediated by chronic inflammation: The EPICOR study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7152-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Giraudo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9609-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Padroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5201-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Sieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4472-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Agnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Simeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Fordellone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Ricceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8008-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Sacerdote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib1","article-title":"Global epidemiology of ischemic heart disease: results from the global burden of disease study","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30026-9","article-title":"The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic","volume":"7","author":"Jaacks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00510-7","article-title":"Obesity and peripheral artery disease: current evidence and controversies","volume":"12","author":"Lempesis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00198-1","article-title":"Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis \u2014 from experimental insights to the clinic","volume":"20","author":"Soehnlein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2013.07.674","article-title":"Sex- and gender-related risk factor burden in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.12.52","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in Type 2 diabetes: mechanisms and comprehensive prevention strategies","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0919-x","article-title":"Psychological stress, inflammation, and coronary heart disease","volume":"19","author":"Wirtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160308900603","article-title":"Diet in the Italian epic cohorts: presentation of data and methodological issues","volume":"89","author":"Pala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tumori J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys091","article-title":"Lower educational level is a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes in European countries: the EPIC-InterAct study","volume":"41","author":"Sacerdote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0100400112","article-title":"Flexible parametric alternatives to the cox model: update","volume":"4","author":"Royston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stata J Promot Commun Stat Stata"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1203","article-title":"Flexible parametric proportional\u2010hazards and proportional\u2010odds models for censored survival data, with application to prognostic modelling and estimation of treatment effects","volume":"21","author":"Royston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2012-0010","article-title":"Mediation analysis with multiple mediators","volume":"2","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz016","article-title":"Marginal time-dependent causal effects in mediation analysis with survival data","volume":"188","author":"Fasanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib14","author":"Pearl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199203000-00013","article-title":"Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects","volume":"3","author":"Robins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib16","series-title":"Explanation in causal inference: methods for mediation and interaction","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib17","series-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","author":"Greenland","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305816","article-title":"Body fat percentage, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular disease","volume":"100","author":"Myint","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000370","article-title":"The impact of obesity on heart failure","volume":"32","author":"Zhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020245","article-title":"Obesity and the risk of heart failure","volume":"347","author":"Kenchaiah","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00372.x","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers and risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, and total mortality: implications for longevity","volume":"65","author":"Ridker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.10.013","article-title":"Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Dandona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179564","article-title":"The LDL receptor","volume":"29","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","article-title":"The changing landscape of atherosclerosis","volume":"592","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676890","article-title":"Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications","volume":"116","author":"Tabas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656","article-title":"From C-reactive protein to interleukin-6 to interleukin-1: moving upstream to identify novel targets for atheroprotection","volume":"118","author":"Ridker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202","article-title":"C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"342","author":"Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006153422406","article-title":"Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease","volume":"342","author":"Kohler","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v13.i3.7","article-title":"Physiopathological mechanisms related to inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Lempesis","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052721","article-title":"A narrative review on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and its (Patho)Physiological role: to target or not to target?","volume":"22","author":"Sillen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2019.0115","article-title":"High-risk atherosclerosis and metabolic phenotype: the roles of ectopic adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Lechner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.11.054","article-title":"Prognostic implications of serum albumin levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"119","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pacheco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614250","article-title":"Association of a common polymorphism in the factor XIII gene with myocardial infarction","volume":"79","author":"Kohler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib34","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in exercise immunology: a systematic review","author":"Kotewitsch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa027","article-title":"Race, gender, and socioeconomic variations in C-reactive protein using the health and retirement study","volume":"76","author":"Farmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511421200","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and inflammation: cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dent Res"}],"container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475324004654?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475324004654?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T01:53:48Z","timestamp":1742435628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0939475324004654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0939475324004654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-4753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-4753","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Increased risk of coronary artery diseases in overweight and obese individuals is partially mediated by chronic inflammation: The EPICOR study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103831","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103831"}}