{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:50:19Z","timestamp":1779933019826,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","nmcd-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T08:41:30Z","timestamp":1763628090000},"page":"104462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex specific responses to oral vs. subcutaneous semaglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 12-month real-world study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Piccione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bonsangue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Vigneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariagrazia Irene","family":"Mineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2304-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Tomasello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Maniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Pant\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Arnaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Guarnotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0034","article-title":"Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD)","volume":"45","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018821997320","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists: an updated review of head-to-head clinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Trujillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102181","article-title":"Glucometabolic outcomes of GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Caruso","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30092-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin, thiazolidinediones, or both, in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 2): a 56-week, double-blind, phase 3a, randomised trial","volume":"5","author":"Ahr\u00e9n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31271-1","article-title":"Oral semaglutide versus subcutaneous liraglutide and placebo in type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 4): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial","volume":"394","author":"Pratley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30311-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus daily canagliflozin as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 8): a double-blind, phase 3b, randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Lingvay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.101117","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg vs once-daily liraglutide 1.2 mg as add-on to 1\u20133 oral antidiabetic drugs in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 10)","volume":"46","author":"Capehorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0883","article-title":"Oral semaglutide versus empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on metformin: the PIONEER 2 trial","volume":"42","author":"Rodbard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.695182","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous and oral semaglutide administration in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00509-4","article-title":"Semaglutide and walking capacity in people with symptomatic peripheral artery disease and type 2 diabetes (STRIDE): a phase 3b, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"405","author":"Bonaca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072239","article-title":"The effect of oral semaglutide on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Krishnanda","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.4511","article-title":"Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"McGuire","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-024-01668-6","article-title":"Oral semaglutide use in type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of clinical and patient-reported outcomes from seven PIONEER REAL prospective real-world studies","volume":"16","author":"Rudofsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib15","article-title":"Emerging role of GLP-1 agonists in cardio-metabolic therapy - focus on semaglutide","volume":"52","author":"Odigwe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am Heart J: Cardiol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae613","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes with semaglutide by severity of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: the FLOW trial","volume":"46","author":"Mahaffey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9936","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189936","article-title":"Oral semaglutide, the first ingestible glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonist: could it be a magic bullet for type 2 diabetes?","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S151736","article-title":"Adherence to antihyperglycemic medications and glucagon-like peptide 1-receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: clinical consequences and strategies for improvement","volume":"12","author":"Giorgino","year":"2018","journal-title":"PPA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2022.100944","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide for glycaemic management in adults with type 2 diabetes compared to subcutaneous semaglutide, placebo, and other GLP-1 RA comparators: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Alhindi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae165","article-title":"GLP-1 and its analogs: does sex matter?","volume":"166","author":"B\u00f6rchers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2025.2462100","article-title":"Oral versus subcutaneous semaglutide weight loss outcomes after two years among patients with type 2 diabetes in a real-world database","volume":"20","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expet Rev Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-024-02369-4","article-title":"Real-world use of oral versus subcutaneous semaglutide in a cohort of type 2 diabetic patients: which option to which patient?","volume":"47","author":"Formichi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13955","article-title":"Semaglutide (SUSTAIN and PIONEER) reduces cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes across varying cardiovascular risk","volume":"22","author":"Husain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15554","article-title":"Oral or injectable semaglutide for the management of type 2 diabetes in routine care: a multicentre observational study comparing matched cohorts","volume":"26","author":"Fadini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-024-01551-4","article-title":"Real-world use of oral and subcutaneous semaglutide in routine clinical practice in the UK: a single-centre, retrospective observational study","volume":"15","author":"Roy Chowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02424-9","article-title":"Comparing medication persistence with oral and subcutaneous semaglutide in a real-world setting","author":"Conti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01034-w","article-title":"Once-daily oral semaglutide versus injectable GLP-1 RAs in people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chubb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-024-02309-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of oral semaglutide on glucose control and body weight up to 18 months: a multicenter retrospective real-world study","volume":"47","author":"Bonora","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14265","article-title":"Adherence and treatment discontinuation of oral semaglutide and once\u2010weekly semaglutide injection at 12 month follow\u2010up: japanese real\u2010world data","volume":"15","author":"Horii","year":"2024","journal-title":"J of Diabetes Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2009.08.002","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0728-4","article-title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of the novel oral human GLP-1 analogue, oral semaglutide, in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Granhall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-0581-y","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of semaglutide for type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Overgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70063","article-title":"Sex differences in the efficacy of glucagon\u2010like Peptide\u20101 receptor agonists for weight reduction: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-025-00727-y","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety profile of semaglutide and variations by sex, race, and kidney function: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Hamayal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Drugs"}],"container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475325006179?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475325006179?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:40:36Z","timestamp":1770741636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0939475325006179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0939475325006179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-4753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-4753","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sex specific responses to oral vs. subcutaneous semaglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 12-month real-world study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104462","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104462"}}