{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T20:32:37Z","timestamp":1787085157373,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TNC-174963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TNC-174963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["459001021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["459001021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003092","name":"Diabetes Fund Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019.11.101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019.11.101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016036","name":"Health~Holland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LSHM20107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSHM20107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","nmcd-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T01:13:07Z","timestamp":1784855587000},"page":"104878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of timing of meal intake on glucose metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romy","family":"Slebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Wenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Schoonmade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis P.","family":"Blondin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.T.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 C.","family":"Carpentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Despr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris","family":"Hoeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andries","family":"Kalsbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parminder","family":"Raina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Schrauwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille J.","family":"Serlie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk Jan","family":"Stenvers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Xia","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"de Mutsert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joline W.J.","family":"Beulens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Femke","family":"Rutters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2225","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418955112","article-title":"Endogenous circadian system and circadian misalignment impact glucose tolerance via separate mechanisms in humans","volume":"112","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Overview of circadian rhythms","volume":"25","author":"Vitaterna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.911149","article-title":"Circadian misalignment and health","volume":"26","author":"Baron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511006507","article-title":"Effect of meal timing and glycaemic index on glucose control and insulin secretion in healthy volunteers","volume":"108","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib5","series-title":"Modulation of sleep by obesity, diabetes, Age, and diet","first-page":"155","article-title":"Chapter 17 - circadian misalignment and metabolic consequences: shiftwork and altered meal times","author":"Banks","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12554","article-title":"Night-shift work is associated with poorer glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Manodpitipong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib7","first-page":"716","article-title":"Roles of circadian rhythmicity and sleep in human glucose regulation","volume":"18","author":"Van Cauter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100178","article-title":"Conceptualization and assessment of 24-H timing of eating and energy intake: a methodological systematic review of the chronic disease literature","volume":"15","author":"O'Connor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.077","article-title":"Prolonged, controlled daytime versus delayed eating impacts weight and metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Allison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib10","first-page":"68","article-title":"Late-night-dinner deteriorates postprandial glucose and insulin whereas consuming dinner dividedly ameliorates them in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.03.005","article-title":"Circadian system and glucose metabolism: implications for physiology and disease","volume":"27","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.08.009","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and meal timing: impact on energy balance and body weight","volume":"70","author":"Boege","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-022-01457-0","article-title":"The impact of meal timing on risk of weight gain and development of obesity: a review of the current evidence and opportunities for dietary intervention","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081911","article-title":"Meal timing, aging, and metabolic health","volume":"20","author":"Kessler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000280","article-title":"Meal frequency and timing: impact on metabolic disease risk","volume":"23","author":"Varady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.07.086","article-title":"Circadian misalignment in obesity: the role for time-restricted feeding","volume":"57","author":"Chambers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.09.005","article-title":"Timing of food intake: sounding the alarm about metabolic impairments? A systematic review","volume":"125","author":"Beccuti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib19","article-title":"The effect of altered sleep timing on glycaemic outcomes: systematic review of human intervention studies","author":"Slebe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111638","article-title":"The effect of preprandial versus postprandial physical activity on glycaemia: Meta-analysis of human intervention studies","volume":"210","author":"Slebe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa145","article-title":"A novel graphical method for data presentation in alcohol systematic reviews: the interactive harvest plot","volume":"57","author":"Foulds","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.37","article-title":"A further use for the harvest plot: a novel method for the presentation of data synthesis","volume":"2","author":"Crowther","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib23","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie JE, Brennan SE. Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of Interventions2019. p. 321\u2013347.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch12"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-00287-7","article-title":"An open source machine learning framework for efficient and transparent systematic reviews","volume":"3","author":"van de Schoot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5653.341","article-title":"Diurnal variation of oral glucose tolerance: a possible pointer to the evolution of diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Jarrett","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.03.008","article-title":"A low-carbohydrate protein-rich bedtime snack to control fasting and nocturnal glucose in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial","volume":"39","author":"Abbie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.182","article-title":"Meal timing affects glucose tolerance, substrate oxidation and circadian-related variables: a randomized, crossover trial","volume":"39","author":"Band\u00edn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.138","article-title":"Is the timing of caloric intake associated with variation in diet-induced thermogenesis and in the metabolic pattern? A randomized cross-over study","volume":"39","author":"Bo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1967.00290210093007","article-title":"Diurnal variation in glucose tolerance","volume":"119","author":"Bowen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.06.014","article-title":"Glycaemic response at night is improved after eating a high protein meal compared with a standard meal: a cross-over study","volume":"39","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib32","first-page":"71","article-title":"Impact of meal timing and frequency on the twenty-four-hour leptin rhythm","volume":"62","author":"Fogteloo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1314","article-title":"Interplay of dinner timing and MTNR1B type 2 diabetes risk variant on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"45","author":"Garaulet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R94","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00115.2012","article-title":"Nighttime snacking reduces whole body fat oxidation and increases LDL cholesterol in healthy young women","volume":"304","author":"Hibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.9.2748","article-title":"The human body may buffer small differences in meal size and timing during a 24-h wake period provided energy balance is maintained","volume":"133","author":"Holmb\u00e4ck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.07.001","article-title":"Consuming snacks mid-afternoon compared with just after lunch improves mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Imai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.05.010","article-title":"Divided consumption of late-night-dinner improves glycemic excursions in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Imai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5794.199","article-title":"Diurnal variation in oral glucose tolerance: blood sugar and plasma insulin levels morning, afternoon, and evening","volume":"1","author":"Jarrett","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5731.334","article-title":"Further observations on the diurnal variation in oral glucose tolerance","volume":"4","author":"Jarrett","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.11.033","article-title":"Divided consumption of late-night-dinner improves glucose excursions in young healthy women: a randomized cross-over clinical trial","volume":"136","author":"Kajiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/026010600201600207","article-title":"Postprandial responses of glucose, insulin and triglycerides: influence of the timing of meal intake during night work","volume":"16","author":"Knutsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.03.008","article-title":"Does rearranging meal times at night improve cardiovascular risk factors? An Australian pilot randomised trial in night shift workers","volume":"31","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.11.010","article-title":"Effect of meal timing on postprandial glucose responses to a low glycemic index meal: a crossover trial in healthy volunteers","volume":"38","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0366","article-title":"Differential islet and incretin hormone responses in morning versus afternoon after standardized meal in healthy men","volume":"94","author":"Lindgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.04.003","article-title":"Late dinner impairs glucose tolerance in MTNR1B risk allele carriers: a randomized, cross-over study","volume":"37","author":"Lopez-Minguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173617","article-title":"Extended inter-meal interval negatively impacted the glycemic and insulinemic responses after both lunch and dinner in healthy subjects","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520004456","article-title":"Effects of consuming later evening meal v. earlier evening meal on weight loss during a weight loss diet: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"126","author":"Madjd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072424","article-title":"Eating dinner early improves 24-h blood glucose levels and boosts lipid metabolism after breakfast the next day: a randomized cross-over trial","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.151332","article-title":"Impact of breakfast skipping compared with dinner skipping on regulation of energy balance and metabolic risk","volume":"105","author":"Nas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.10.004","article-title":"Impact of different timing of consuming sweet snack on postprandial glucose excursions in healthy women","volume":"45","author":"Nitta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01219788","article-title":"Diurnal variation on oral glucose tolerance: insulin and growth hormone changes with special reference to women taking oral contraceptives","volume":"9","author":"Oakley","year":"1973","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20032","article-title":"Effects of increased meal frequency on fat oxidation and perceived hunger","volume":"21","author":"Ohkawara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.225","article-title":"Effect of meal frequency on glucose and insulin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised trial","volume":"70","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2017.10.005","article-title":"Pilot study of sleep and meal timing effects, independent of sleep duration and food intake, on insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals","volume":"4","author":"Pizinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.249.193","article-title":"Morning mastication enhances postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy young subjects","volume":"249","author":"Sato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2011.02.001","article-title":"Acute effect of late evening meal on diurnal variation of blood glucose and energy metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1701817","article-title":"Effects of circadian restricted feeding on parameters of metabolic syndrome among healthy subjects","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.04.001","article-title":"Glycemic control is impaired in the evening in prediabetes through multiple diurnal rhythms","volume":"28","author":"Sonnier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabet Complicat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-023-01259-x","article-title":"Effects of the timing of acute mulberry leaf extract intake on postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy adults: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"77","author":"Takahashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111763","article-title":"Effects of meal timing on postprandial glucose metabolism and blood metabolites in healthy adults","volume":"10","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-03069-6","article-title":"Influence of fasting during the night shift on next day eating behavior, hunger, and glucose and insulin levels: a randomized, three-condition, crossover trial","volume":"62","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1880-6805-32-9","article-title":"Effects of a late supper on digestion and the absorption of dietary carbohydrates in the following morning","volume":"32","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib63","first-page":"E467","article-title":"Circadian modulation of glucose and insulin responses to meals: relationship to cortisol rhythm","volume":"262","author":"Van Cauter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.059","article-title":"Meal timing regulates the human circadian System","volume":"27","author":"Wehrens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5906.485","article-title":"Diurnal variation in glucose tolerance: associated changes in plasma insulin, growth hormone, and non-esterified fatty acids","volume":"1","author":"Zimmet","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90268-6","article-title":"Meal frequency influences circulating hormone levels but not lipogenesis rates in humans","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence","volume":"64","author":"Balshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.04.014","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence--indirectness","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib69","series-title":"A practical guide","article-title":"Meta analyses in mental health research","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13951","article-title":"Prospective association between late evening food consumption and risk of prediabetes and diabetes: the Whitehall II cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Faerch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12852","article-title":"Long working hours and skipping breakfast concomitant with late evening meals are associated with suboptimal glycemic control among young male Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Azami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-021-00613-9","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding improves blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.010","article-title":"Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress Even without weight loss in men with prediabetes","volume":"27","author":"Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib75","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding and metabolic outcomes in a cohort of Italian adults","volume":"13","author":"Currenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6981","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14046981","article-title":"Melatonin and pancreatic islets: interrelationships between melatonin, insulin and glucagon","volume":"14","author":"Peschke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4088","article-title":"Acute melatonin administration in humans impairs glucose tolerance in both the morning and evening","volume":"37","author":"Rubio-Sastre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05059-6","article-title":"Impact of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism: implications for type 2 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Mason","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0122-1","article-title":"Circadian clocks and insulin resistance","volume":"15","author":"Stenvers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102336","article-title":"Exploring rates of adherence and barriers to time-restricted eating","volume":"15","author":"Jefcoate","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23743","article-title":"Feasibility of time-restricted eating in individuals with overweight, obesity, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes: a systematic scoping review","volume":"31","author":"Termannsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"}],"container-title":["Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475326003406?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0939475326003406?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T20:14:07Z","timestamp":1787084047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0939475326003406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S0939475326003406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878","relation":{},"ISSN":["0939-4753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0939-4753","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of timing of meal intake on glucose metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2026.104878","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104878"}}