{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T14:33:15Z","timestamp":1793975595472,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]],"date-time":"2010-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4696,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["neurotherapeuticsjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T05:55:05Z","timestamp":1285653305000},"page":"452-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Astrocyte Glutamine Synthetase: Importance in Hyperammonemic Syndromes and Potential Target for Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Saul W.","family":"Brusilow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond C.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Traystman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur J.L.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Ammoni\u00e9mie exp\u00e9rimentale apr\u00e8s ingestion de chlorure d'ammonium chez l'homme \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat normal et pathologique","volume":"111","author":"van Caulaert","year":"1932","journal-title":"Compt Rend Soc Biol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib2","first-page":"739","article-title":"Troubles provoqu\u00e9s par l'ingestion de sels ammoniacaux chez l'homme atteint de cirrhose de La\u00ebnnec","volume":"111","author":"van Caulaert","year":"1932","journal-title":"Compt Rend Soc Biol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism in liver disease","volume":"77","author":"Kirk","year":"1936","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-6342.2006.03216.x","article-title":"Review of the final report of the 1998 Working Party on definition, nomenclature and diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"25","author":"Mullen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195201242460402","article-title":"Reversible toxic manifestations in patients with cirrhosis of the liver given cation-exchange resins","volume":"246","author":"Gabuzda","year":"1952","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195208142470703","article-title":"The syndrome of impending hepatic coma in patients with cirrhosis of the liver given certain nitrogenous substances","volume":"247","author":"Phillips","year":"1952","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib7","series-title":"The urea cycle","first-page":"369","article-title":"Hereditary urea cycle disorders","author":"Shih","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(88)80239-0","article-title":"Syndrome of idiopathic hyperammonemia after high-dose chemotherapy: review of nine cases","volume":"85","author":"Mitchell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190701509822","article-title":"Hyperammonemia encephalopathy: An important cause of neurological deterioration following chemotherapy","volume":"48","author":"Nott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.2.294","article-title":"Ammonia encephalopathy secondary to urinary tract infection with Proteus mirabilis","volume":"65","author":"Samtoy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.10.022","article-title":"Hyperammonemic encephalopathy caused by urinary tract infection with urinary retention","volume":"19","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Int Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.25001.x","article-title":"Serum and CSF glutamine levels in valproate-related hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"43","author":"Vossler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00655.x","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"114","author":"Segura-Bruna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199004000-00023","article-title":"Essential amino acid-induced adult hyperammonemic encephalopathy and hypophosphatemia","volume":"18","author":"Lamiell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib15","series-title":"Liver disease in children","first-page":"71","article-title":"Acute liver failure in children","author":"Alonso","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312163292508","article-title":"Acute liver failure","volume":"329","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib17","series-title":"Diseases of the liver and biliary system","first-page":"94","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007245","article-title":"Newer approaches to therapy of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"Ferenci","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib19","series-title":"Inorganic nitrogen metabolism","first-page":"408","article-title":"Ammonia metabolism in animals","author":"Bessman","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2423(08)60310-8","article-title":"Blood ammonia","volume":"2","author":"Bessman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib21","first-page":"198","article-title":"The neurological disorder associated with liver disease","volume":"32","author":"Adams","year":"1953","journal-title":"Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102862","article-title":"Episodic stupor associated with an Eck fistula in the human with particular reference to the metabolism of ammonia","volume":"33","author":"McDermott","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198510033131406","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"313","author":"Fraser","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1987.67.2.440","article-title":"Biochemistry and physiology of brain ammonia","volume":"67","author":"Cooper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib25","series-title":"Cerebral energy metabolism and metabolic encephalopathy","first-page":"203","article-title":"Ammonia-induced encephalopathy","author":"Lockwood","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib26","volume":"vol 272","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib27","series-title":"Progress in hepatic encephalopathy and metabolic nitrogen exchange","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib28","series-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","first-page":"43","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib29","series-title":"Advances in hepatic encephalopathy and metabolic nitrogen exchange","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00019-9","article-title":"Neurobiology of ammonia","volume":"67","author":"Felipo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00119-X","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in acute hyperammonemia","volume":"40","author":"Felipo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MEBR.0000043980.74574.eb","article-title":"Blood ammonia levels and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"19","author":"Lockwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib33","series-title":"Techniques in diagnostic human biochemical genetics: a laboratory manual","first-page":"345","article-title":"Determination of urine orotate and orotidine and plasma ammonium","author":"Brusilow","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198206103062303","article-title":"Treatment of inborn errors of urea synthesis","volume":"306","author":"Batshaw","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198406073102304","article-title":"Neurologic outcome in children with inborn errors of urea synthesis","volume":"310","author":"Msall","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02833598","article-title":"Ammonia: key factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"6","author":"Butterworth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurochem Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3101(24)00072-0","article-title":"Urea cycle disorders: Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and therapy","volume":"43","author":"Brusilow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80424-9","article-title":"Complications of cirrhosis","volume":"32","author":"Butterworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80110-5","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: a clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low grade cerebral edema?","volume":"32","author":"H\u00e4ussinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00026-5","article-title":"Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"Weissenborn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200205000-00007","article-title":"Hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"81","author":"Brusilow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00169-0","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy: molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Albrecht","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(02)00396-5","article-title":"The molecular pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"35","author":"Jalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2007.11.001","article-title":"Brain edema in acute liver failure","volume":"24","author":"Blei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.04.003","article-title":"An update on brain glutamine synthesis and its relation to cell-specific energy metabolism in the hyperammonemic brain: Further studies using NMR spectroscopy","volume":"47","author":"Zwingmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70448-8","article-title":"Neonatal onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: A retrospective analysis","volume":"134","author":"Maestri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb00949.x","article-title":"Amino acid changes in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"49","author":"Lavoie","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199301000-00016","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows increased glutamine in ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency","volume":"33","author":"Connelly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib49","first-page":"2149","article-title":"MR and 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients with liver cirrhosis and early stages of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"50","author":"Taras\u00f3w","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.7.1034","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adult-onset citrullinemia: elevated glutamine levels in comatose patients","volume":"64","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.193.2.7972763","article-title":"Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: proton MR spectroscopic abnormalities","volume":"193","author":"Ross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021926405944","article-title":"1H magnetic resonance in the study of hepatic encephalopathy in humans","volume":"17","author":"C\u00f3rdoba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G503","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00104.2004","article-title":"Low myoinositol and high glutamine levels in brain are associated with neuropsychological deterioration after induced hyperammonemia","volume":"287","author":"Shawcross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2004.07.013","article-title":"Brain glutamine by MRS in a patient with urea cycle disorder and coma","volume":"32","author":"Kojic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib55","first-page":"R1491","article-title":"Intracellular pH rises and astrocytes swell after portacaval anastomosis in rats","volume":"261","author":"Swain","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68031209.x","article-title":"Glial alkalinization detected in vivo by 1H-15N heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence-transfer NMR in severely hyperammonemic rat","volume":"68","author":"Kanamori","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)50550-0","article-title":"The metabolic fate of 13N-labeled ammonia in rat brain","volume":"254","author":"Cooper","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.48.6.913","article-title":"The significance of the NH3-NH4+ equilibrium on the passage of 13N-ammonia from blood to brain","volume":"48","author":"Raichle","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.67","article-title":"Cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with severe liver disease and minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Lockwood","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H34","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1990.259.1.H34","article-title":"Arterial pH modulation of regional cerebral blood flow during hyperammonemia in dogs","volume":"259","author":"Weigle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-007-9066-1","article-title":"New findings on cerebral ammonia uptake in HE using functional 13N-ammonia PET","volume":"22","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20290","article-title":"Regional differences in cerebral blood flow and cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"40","author":"Ahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197404000-00001","article-title":"Brain histology and behavior of mice injected with urease","volume":"33","author":"Gibson","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Neuropath Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108651","article-title":"Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on cerebral metabolism in rats with portacaval shunts","volume":"59","author":"Hindfelt","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410030409","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in chronically hyperammonemic rats: effect of an acute ammonia challenge","volume":"3","author":"Gjedde","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00973042","article-title":"Amino acid changes in regions of the CNS in relation to function in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy","volume":"9","author":"Gigu\u00e8re","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2770697","article-title":"Hyperammonaemia does not impair brain function in the absence of glutamine synthesis","volume":"277","author":"Hawkins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib68","series-title":"The Role of Glia in Neurotoxicity","first-page":"173","article-title":"Astrocyte cellular swelling: Mechanisms and relevance to brain edema","author":"Pasantes-Morales","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.07.012","article-title":"In vivo monitoring of extracellular 13N-glutamine derived from blood-borne 13N-ammonia in rat striatum using microdialysis with radio-LC method","volume":"184","author":"Okada","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1985.tb07159.x","article-title":"Cerebral ammonia metabolism in hyperammonemic rats","volume":"44","author":"Cooper","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103111","article-title":"The cerebral and peripheral uptake of ammonia in liver disease with an hypothesis for the mechanism of hepatic coma","volume":"34","author":"Bessman","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)34154-X","article-title":"Cerebral \u03b1-ketoglutarate in ammonia intoxication","volume":"53","author":"Shorey","year":"1967","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib73","series-title":"Glutamine, glutamate and GABA in the central nervous system","first-page":"77","article-title":"Cerebral glutamine synthetase","author":"Cooper","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb02517.x","article-title":"Effects of acute hyperammonemia on cerebral amino acid metabolism and pHi in vivo, measured by 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"52","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1995.104","article-title":"Preservation of cerebral blood flow responses to hypoxia and arterial pressure alterations in hyperammonemic rats","volume":"15","author":"Hirata","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1976.230.1.94","article-title":"Amino acid assignment to one of three blood-brain barrier amino acid carriers","volume":"230","author":"Oldendorf","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)73789-2","article-title":"Carbon dioxide fixation in the brain","volume":"237","author":"Berl","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-007-9069-y","article-title":"The anaplerotic flux and ammonia detoxification in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"22","author":"Zwingmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.01.009","article-title":"The metabolic role of isoleucine in detoxification of ammonia in cultured mouse neurons and astrocytes","volume":"50","author":"Johansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1975.tb03658.x","article-title":"Control of the redox state of the pyridine nucleotides in the rat cerebral cortex","volume":"24","author":"Howse","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04332.x","article-title":"Widespread neuronal expression of branched-chain aminotransferase in the CNS: implications for leucine\/glutamate metabolism and for signaling by amino acids","volume":"100","author":"Garc\u00eda-Espinosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03247.x","article-title":"Effects of reducing brain glutamine synthesis on metabolic symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"60","author":"Hawkins","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70031304.x","article-title":"Rate of glutamate synthesis from leucine in rat brain measured in vivo by 15N NMR","volume":"70","author":"Kanamori","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1159\/000017341","article-title":"15N-NMR spectroscopy studies of ammonia transport and glutamine synthesis in the hyperammonemic rat brain","volume":"20","author":"Shen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00074.x","article-title":"In vivo 13C NMR measurement of neurotransmitter glutamate cycling, anaplerosis and TCA cycle flux in rat brain during [2-13C]glucose infusion","volume":"76","author":"Sibson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1961.200.3.420","article-title":"Ammonia toxicity and cerebral oxidative metabolism","volume":"200","author":"McKhann","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00768.x","article-title":"Brain \u03b1-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex: kinetic properties, regional distribution and effects of inhibitors","volume":"47","author":"Lai","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)96616-0","article-title":"Kinetic evidence for multiple binding sites on phosphofructokinase","volume":"241","author":"Lowry","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1983.tb00835.x","article-title":"Use of \u03b2-methylene-DL-aspartate to assess the role of aspartate aminotransferase in cerebral oxidative metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-008-9060-4","article-title":"Cerebral glutamine concentration and lactate-pyruvate ratio in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"9","author":"Bjerring","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(02)00839-0","article-title":"Abnormal brain energy metabolism shown by in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"59","author":"Barbiroli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MEBR.0000043976.17500.8e","article-title":"Functional imaging of the brain in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"19","author":"Weissenborn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(71)90252-8","article-title":"Type II Alzheimer change experimentally produced in astrocytes in the rat","volume":"12","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1972.00490080048004","article-title":"Experimental ammonia encephalopathy in the primate","volume":"26","author":"Cole","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(73)90018-X","article-title":"Ultrastructural responses of the astrocytes to portacaval anastomosis in the rat","volume":"18","author":"Zamora","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197407000-00008","article-title":"The astrocyte response in experimental portal systemic encephalopathy","volume":"33","author":"Norenberg","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Neuropath Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib97","first-page":"618","article-title":"A light and electron microscopic study of experimental portal-systemic (ammonia) encephalopathy","volume":"36","author":"Norenberg","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198312000-00009","article-title":"Acute hyperammonemia in the young primate: physiologic and neuropathologic correlates","volume":"17","author":"Voorhies","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070616","article-title":"Electron microscopic evaluation of brain edema in rabbits with galactosamine-induced hepatic failure: ultrastructure and integrity of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Traber","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199405000-00001","article-title":"Astrocyte responses to CNS injury","volume":"53","author":"Norenberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neuropath Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00462-9","article-title":"Inhibition of glutamine synthetase reduces ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling in rat","volume":"71","author":"Willard-Mack","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00692797","article-title":"Electron microscopy in human hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Martinez","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Neuropath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197811000-00007","article-title":"Brain ultrastructure in Reye's disease \u2013 II","volume":"37","author":"Partin","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/93.2.423","article-title":"Hereditary hyperammonaemia","volume":"93","author":"Bruton","year":"1970","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198507000-00004","article-title":"Morphologic effects of ammonia on primary astrocyte cultures: II. Electron microscopic studies","volume":"44","author":"Gregorios","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neuropath Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1126\/science.14400","article-title":"Glutamine synthetase: glial localization in brain","volume":"195","author":"Martinez-Hernandez","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90071-4","article-title":"Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain","volume":"161","author":"Norenberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21001","article-title":"Brain metabolism of 13N-ammonia during acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis measured by positron emission tomography","volume":"43","author":"Keiding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-007-9066-1","article-title":"New findings on cerebral ammonia uptake in HE using functional 13N-ammonia PET","volume":"22","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-008-9126-1","article-title":"Backflux of ammonia from brain to blood in human subjects with and without hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"24","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-010-9181-2","article-title":"Human 13N-ammonia PET studies: the importance of measuring 13N-ammonia metabolites in blood","volume":"25","author":"Keiding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1940040106","article-title":"The use of in vivo proton NMR to study the effects of hyperammonemia in the rat cerebral cortex","volume":"4","author":"De Graaf","year":"1991","journal-title":"NMR Biomed Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1159\/000017340","article-title":"In vivo investigation of glutamate-glutamine metabolism in hyperammonemic monkey brain using 13C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Tsukada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21445","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of energy metabolism and glutamine shunt in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia","volume":"85","author":"Zwingmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib115","first-page":"255","article-title":"\u03b1-Ketoglutaramate, a neurotoxic agent in hepatic coma","volume":"86","author":"Vergara","year":"1973","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1126\/science.183.4120.81","article-title":"\u03b1-Ketoglutaramate: increased concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients in hepatic coma","volume":"183","author":"Vergara","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib117","first-page":"39","article-title":"\u03b1-Ketoglutaramate in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"53","author":"Duffy","year":"1974","journal-title":"Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21357","article-title":"Glutamine: a Trojan horse in ammonia neurotoxicity","volume":"44","author":"Albrecht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1222","article-title":"Ammonia-induced production of free radicals in primary cultures of rat astrocytes","volume":"66","author":"Murthy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023858902184","article-title":"Ammonia neurotoxicity: role of the mitochondrial permeability transition","volume":"18","author":"Rama Rao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20003","article-title":"Glutamine-induced free radical production in cultured astrocytes","volume":"46","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.11.017","article-title":"Glutamine in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling","volume":"48","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.05842.x","article-title":"Calcium in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling","volume":"109","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-005-7911-7","article-title":"Mechanisms of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling","volume":"20","author":"Norenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Met Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20499","article-title":"Inhibition of glutamine transport into mitochondria protects astrocytes from ammonia toxicity","volume":"55","author":"Pichilli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00965528","article-title":"Properties of phosphate activated glutaminase in astrocytes cultured from mouse brain","volume":"7","author":"Kvamme","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21505","article-title":"Expression of the scaffolding PDZ protein glutaminase-interacting protein in mammalian brain","volume":"86","author":"Olalla","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9589-9","article-title":"Novel form of phosphate activated glutaminase in cultured astrocytes and human neuroblastoma cells, PAG in brain pathology and localization in the mitochondria","volume":"33","author":"Kvamme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3050329","article-title":"In vivo activity of glutaminase in the brain of hyperammonaemic rats measured by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"305","author":"Kanamori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0030525","article-title":"Ammonia and brain glutamine: inhibition of glutamine degradation by ammonia","volume":"3","author":"Matheson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00967289","article-title":"Ammonia regulation of phosphate-activated glutaminase displays regional variation and impairment in the brain of aged rats","volume":"17","author":"Wallace","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib132","first-page":"442","article-title":"Effect of an inhibitor of glutamine synthesis (methionine sulfoximine) on ammonia toxicity and metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Warren","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21385","article-title":"Acute ammonia neurotoxicity in vivo involves increase in cytoplasmic protein P53 without alterations in other markers of apoptosis","volume":"85","author":"Kosenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2008.03.009","article-title":"Recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanism of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore","volume":"1777","author":"Leung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2190\/XW8E-Q283-4429-QL71","article-title":"Ammonia induced encephalopathy from valproic acid in a bipolar patient: case report","volume":"22","author":"Elgudin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-007-0692-x","article-title":"Complete recovery from acute encephalopathy of late-onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in a 3-year-old boy","volume":"30","author":"Mak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Inher Metab Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C74","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1983.245.1.C74","article-title":"Ammonia selectively stimulates neutral amino acid transport across blood-brain barrier","volume":"245","author":"Mans","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib138","series-title":"Genetic and metabolic disease in pediatrics","first-page":"140","article-title":"Inborn errors of ureagenesis","author":"Brusilow","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91554-5","article-title":"Transient idiopathic hyperammonaemia in adults","volume":"2","author":"Watson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib140","first-page":"786","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"314","author":"Brusilow","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib141","series-title":"Hepatic encephalopathies","first-page":"442","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy","author":"Schenker","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517309082433","article-title":"The effect of acute ammonia intoxication upon the brain energy state in rats pretreated with methionine D-L-sulphoximine","volume":"31","author":"Hindfelt","year":"1973","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1975.tb09483.x","article-title":"L-methionine-D,L-sulphoximine and acute ammonia toxicity","volume":"27","author":"Hindfelt","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmac"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib144","first-page":"346","article-title":"Glutamine synthetase inhibition prevents cerebral oedema during hyperammonemia","volume":"51","author":"Takahashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib145","first-page":"H825","article-title":"Inhibition of brain glutamine accumulation prevents cerebral edema in hyperammonemic rats","volume":"261","author":"Takahashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199701000-00006","article-title":"Methionine sulfoximine, a glutamine synthetase inhibitor, attenuates increased extracellular potassium activity during acute hyperammonemia","volume":"17","author":"Sugimoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190619","article-title":"Ammonia-induced brain edema and intracranial hypertension in rats after portacaval anastomosis","volume":"19","author":"Blei","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.71.5.1220","article-title":"Restoration of cerebrovascular CO2 responsivity by glutamine synthesis inhibition in hyperammonemic rats","volume":"71","author":"Takahashi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.4.729","article-title":"Impaired pial arteriolar reactivity to hypercapnia during hyperammonemia depends on glutamine synthesis","volume":"27","author":"Hirata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib150","first-page":"H456","article-title":"Preserved hypocapnic pial arteriolar constriction during hyperammonemia by glutamine synthetase inhibition","volume":"276","author":"Hirata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1612","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00783.2004","article-title":"Glutamine-dependent inhibition of pial arteriolar dilation to acetylcholine with and without hyperammonemia in the rat","volume":"288","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.10.045","article-title":"Effect of glutamine synthetase inhibition on astrocyte swelling and altered astroglial protein expression during hyperammonemia in rats","volume":"131","author":"Tanigami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05508.x","article-title":"Effect of hyperammonemia and methionine sulfoximine on the kinetic parameters of blood-brain transport of leucine and phenylalanine","volume":"45","author":"Jonung","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/22.CN_suppl_1.76","article-title":"Volume and pressure in the craniospinal axis","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1746","article-title":"The Monro-Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion","volume":"56","author":"Mokri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.08.004","article-title":"Astrocytic complexity distinguishes the human brain","volume":"29","author":"Oberheim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2003.11.048","article-title":"Selective alterations of brain osmolytes in acute liver failure: protective effect of mild hypothermia","volume":"999","author":"Zwingmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81200-4","article-title":"Plasma glutamine concentration: a guide in the management of urea cycle disorders","volume":"121","author":"Maestri","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1006\/mgme.1998.2783","article-title":"Blood levels of ammonia and nitrogen scavenging amino acids in patients with inherited hyperammonemia","volume":"66","author":"Tuchman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600168","article-title":"Persistent arterial hyperammonemia increases the concentration of glutamine and alanine in the brain and correlates with intracranial pressure in patients with fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"26","author":"Tofteng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1139","article-title":"MR imaging findings in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"29","author":"Rovira","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113796.30989.74","article-title":"Diffusion MRI shows increased water apparent diffusion coefficient in the brains of cirrhotics","volume":"62","author":"Lodi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21114","article-title":"Demonstration of interstitial cerebral edema with diffusion tensor MR imaging in type C hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"43","author":"Kale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib164","first-page":"1019","article-title":"1H-MR spectroscopy, magnetization transfer, and diffusion-weighted imaging in alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"27","author":"Miese","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.9.2498S","article-title":"In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance studies of glutamate-\u03b3-aminobutyric acid-glutamine cycling in rodent and human cortex: the central role of glutamine","volume":"131","author":"Behar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20081","article-title":"Astroglial glutamine transport by system N is upregulated by glutamate","volume":"48","author":"Br\u00f6er","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M609452200","article-title":"Heterologous expression of the glutamine transporter SNAT3 in Xenopus oocytes is associated with four modes of uncoupled transport","volume":"282","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25823","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.031013","article-title":"Mutation of asparagine 76 in the center of glutamine transporter SNAT3 modulates substrate-induced conductances and Na+ binding","volume":"284","author":"Br\u00f6er","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03170.x","article-title":"Suppression of glial glutamine release to the extracellular fluid studied in vivo by NMR and microdialysis in hyperammonemic rat brain","volume":"94","author":"Kanamori","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00907a023","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of glutamine synthesis; Isolation and properties of the enzyme from sheep brain","volume":"1","author":"Pamiljans","year":"1962","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.122176","article-title":"Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"57","author":"H\u00e4ussinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.04.005","article-title":"Ammonia toxicity under hyponatremic conditions in astrocytes: De novo synthesis of amino acids for the osmoregulatory response","volume":"47","author":"Zwingmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(03)00015-9","article-title":"Excitotoxic mechanism of cell swelling in rat cortical slices treated acutely with ammonia","volume":"43","author":"Zieli\u0144ska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67041711.x","article-title":"Portacaval anastomosis results in altered neuron-astrocytic metabolic trafficking of amino acids","volume":"67","author":"Sonnewald","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67041584.x","article-title":"Severity of hyperammonemic encephalopathy correlates with brain ammonia levels and saturation of glutamine synthetase in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Kanamori","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1107","article-title":"Immune function of astrocytes","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000287592.94554.5F","article-title":"; the Acute Liver Failure Study Group","volume":"35","author":"Stravitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20174","article-title":"Astrocytic swelling in cerebral ischemia as a possible cause of injury and target for therapy","volume":"50","author":"Kimelberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20423","article-title":"Anion channels in astrocytes: biophysics, pharmacology, and function","volume":"54","author":"Kimelberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4838(99)00270-8","article-title":"Structure-function relationships of glutamine synthetases","volume":"1477","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65020871.x","article-title":"Glutamine from glial cells is essential for the maintenance of the nerve terminal pool of glutamate: immunogold evidence from hippocampal slice cultures","volume":"65","author":"Laake","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2003.10.003","article-title":"Effects of methionine sulfoximine on the glutamine and glutamate content and cell volume in rat cerebral cortical slices: involvement of mechanisms not related to inhibition of glutamine synthesis","volume":"25","author":"Zieli\u0144ska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(64)90180-7","article-title":"Effects of methionine sulfoximine on levels of free amino acids and related substances in brain","volume":"13","author":"Tews","year":"1964","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1970.tb02251.x","article-title":"The effect of methionine sulphoximine on the incorporation of labelled glucose, acetate, phenylalanine and proline into glutamate and related amino acids in the brains of mice","volume":"17","author":"Van den Berg","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/45.3.451","article-title":"The relative effect of methionine sulfoximine on different animal species","volume":"45","author":"Gershoff","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)28119-8","article-title":"Methionine sulfoximine seizures","volume":"164","author":"Sellinger","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1973.tb12154.x","article-title":"Glycogen and glycogen phosphorylase in the cerebral cortex of mice under the influence of methionine sulphoximine","volume":"20","author":"Folbergrov\u00e1","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1975.tb07628.x","article-title":"Effect of methionine and methionine sulfoximine on rat brain S-adenosyl methionine levels","volume":"24","author":"Schatz","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410160717","article-title":"Brain methylation and epileptogenesis: the case of methionine sulfoximine","volume":"16","author":"Sellinger","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.66.2.500","article-title":"Identification of L-methionine-S-sulfoximine as the convulsant isomer of methionine sulfoximine","volume":"66","author":"Rowe","year":"1970","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38077-8","article-title":"Differential inhibition of glutamine and \u03b3-glutamylcysteine synthetases by \u03b1-alkyl analogs of methionine sulfoximine that induce convulsions","volume":"253","author":"Griffith","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00757a001","article-title":"In vivo formation of methionine sulfoximine phosphate, a protein-bound metabolite of methionine sulfoximine","volume":"11","author":"Rao","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32998-8","article-title":"Enzymatic reactions of methionine sulfoximine","volume":"251","author":"Cooper","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib194","first-page":"239","article-title":"Studies on human subjects receiving highly ageinized food materials","volume":"34","author":"Newell","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1949.1.11.802","article-title":"Species specificity of agene toxicity","volume":"1","author":"Pollack","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00631-1","article-title":"Chronic inhibition of glutamine synthetase is not associated with impairment of learning and memory in mice","volume":"57","author":"Blin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn133","article-title":"Recurrent seizures and brain pathology after inhibition of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus in rats","volume":"131","author":"Eid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Neurotherapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747923002015?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1878747923002015?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/index\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:33:55Z","timestamp":1761806035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1878747923002015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"references-count":197,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1878747923002015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7479","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Astrocyte Glutamine Synthetase: Importance in Hyperammonemic Syndromes and Potential Target for Therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurotherapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Inc. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}