{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:15:42Z","timestamp":1793114142390,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]],"date-time":"2018-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Meltzer Research Fund, Bergen, and University of Bergen, Bergen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T13:21:48Z","timestamp":1522848108000},"page":"116-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Marine \u03c9-3, vitamin D levels, disease outcome and periodontal status in rheumatoid arthritis outpatients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55-56","author":[{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Beyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stein Atle","family":"Lie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Kjellevold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisbeth","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan G.","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Isine","family":"Bolstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.04.021","article-title":"An overview on the genetic of rheumatoid arthritis: a never-ending story","volume":"10","author":"Perricone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000076","article-title":"Periodontal disease and subgingival microbiota as contributors for rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis: modifiable risk factors?","volume":"26","author":"Scher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.006","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"46","author":"Firestein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513483142","article-title":"Periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Kaur","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00080","article-title":"Hand to Mouth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis","volume":"7","author":"Fuggle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500201","article-title":"Can systemic diseases co-induce (not just exacerbate) periodontitis? A hypothetical \u201ctwo-hit\u201d model","volume":"85","author":"Golub","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0040","first-page":"656","article-title":"Synovial inflammation in active rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis facilitates trapping of a variety of oral bacterial DNAs","volume":"24","author":"Moen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2873","article-title":"The keystone-pathogen hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-126","article-title":"Tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Gerritsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0055","first-page":"1241","article-title":"Quantification of reduced health-related quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to the general population","volume":"34","author":"Uhlig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204223","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis and evaluation of their monitoring: Results of an international, cross-sectional study (COMORA)","volume":"73","author":"Dougados","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-010-0141-6","article-title":"The omega-3 index: clinical utility for therapeutic intervention","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2007.12.001","article-title":"A critique of paradoxes in current advice on dietary lipids","volume":"47","author":"Lands","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"issue":"1 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18S","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115595980","article-title":"Functional roles of fatty acids and their effects on human health","volume":"39","author":"Calder","year":"2015","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.090628","article-title":"Adjunctive treatment of chronic periodontitis with daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 Fatty acids and low-dose aspirin","volume":"81","author":"El-Sharkawy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002718","article-title":"Plasma n-3 fatty acids and clinical outcomes in recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"114","author":"Proudman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-013-0249-2","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Neve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0095","first-page":"108","article-title":"Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population","volume":"80","author":"Dietrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu173","article-title":"Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and disease activity, inflammatory cytokines and bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"53","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513495239","article-title":"Vitamin D and periodontal health in older men","volume":"92","author":"Alshouibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511407771","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D status on periodontal surgery outcomes","volume":"90","author":"Bashutski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0115","first-page":"1823","article-title":"Influence of the BsmI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene on rheumatoid arthritis clinical activity","volume":"34","author":"Gomez-Vaquero","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080465","article-title":"Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and severe chronic periodontitis in a Chinese population","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2013.23","article-title":"Enrichment of vitamin D response elements in RA-associated loci supports a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis of RA","volume":"14","author":"Yarwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.050955","article-title":"The Declaration of Helsinki and public health","volume":"86","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.138461","article-title":"2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"69","author":"Aletaha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380107","article-title":"Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Prevoo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.11.916","article-title":"Judging disease activity in clinical practice in rheumatoid arthritis: first step in the development of a disease activity score","volume":"49","author":"van der Heijde","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780261107","article-title":"Assessment of patient satisfaction in activities of daily living using a modified Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire","volume":"26","author":"Pincus","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh297","article-title":"Remission in rheumatoid arthritis: agreement of the disease activity score (DAS28) with the ARA preliminary remission criteria","volume":"43","author":"Fransen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199810)41:10<1845::AID-ART17>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Validation of rheumatoid arthritis improvement criteria that include simplified joint counts","volume":"41","author":"van Gestel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.110664","article-title":"Update of the case definitions for population-based surveillance of periodontitis","volume":"83","author":"Eke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-127","article-title":"A short food frequency questionnaire to assess intake of seafood and n-3 supplements: Validation with biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Dahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v57i0.19272","article-title":"Establishment of a seafood index to assess the seafood consumption in pregnant women","volume":"57","author":"Markhus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0180","series-title":"Dietary advice for promoting public health and preventing chronic diseases","author":"Norwegian National Nutrition Council","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0185","series-title":"Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012","article-title":"Integrating nutrition and physical activity","author":"Nordic Council of Ministers","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0190","series-title":"Norkost 3 En landsomfattende kostholdsunders\u00f8kelse blant menn og kvinner i Norge i alderen 18\u201370 \u00e5r, 2010\u201311","author":"Totland","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0150","article-title":"Effect of smoking on the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D depends on the assay employed","volume":"163","author":"Grimnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.328","article-title":"Why the IOM recommendations for vitamin D are deficient","volume":"26","author":"Heaney","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.02.030","article-title":"The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?","volume":"39","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1053\/berh.2000.0124","article-title":"What is the natural history of rheumatoid arthritis?","volume":"15","author":"Ollier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2015.140520","article-title":"Update on prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: NHANES 2009 to 2012","volume":"86","author":"Eke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0230","first-page":"69","article-title":"Oral health of individuals aged 3\u201380 years in Jonkoping, Sweden during 40 years (1973\u20132013). II. Review of clinical and radiographic findings","volume":"39","author":"Norderyd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swed Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.8.1406","article-title":"Research, Science and Therapy Committee of the American Academy of Periodontology. Position paper: epidemiology of periodontal diseases","volume":"76","author":"Burt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-011-0486-8","article-title":"Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) in early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Suwannalai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.120899","article-title":"Smoking is a major preventable risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis: Estimations of risks after various exposures to cigarette smoke","volume":"70","author":"Kallberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R61","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4498","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Di Giuseppe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0360-5","article-title":"Smoking and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in a Swedish population-based case-control study","author":"Hedstrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23295","article-title":"Relationship between fish consumption and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"70","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1875318300801010001","article-title":"Determinants of blood cell omega-3 fatty acid content","volume":"1","author":"Block","year":"2008","journal-title":"Open Biomark J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0270","first-page":"131","article-title":"Factors influencing EPA+DHA levels in red blood cells in Japan","volume":"22","author":"Itomura","year":"2008","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040325","article-title":"Clinical benefits of n-3 PUFA and -Linolenic acid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Veselinovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2007.05.003","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of plasma, blood cells and whole blood: relevance for the assessment of the fatty acid status in humans","volume":"76","author":"Rise","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.076","article-title":"Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia","volume":"103","author":"Lips","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"}],"container-title":["Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900718301849?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900718301849?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T11:51:30Z","timestamp":1544615490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899900718301849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0899900718301849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-9007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-9007","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Marine \u03c9-3, vitamin D levels, disease outcome and periodontal status in rheumatoid arthritis outpatients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.054","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}