{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:09:24Z","timestamp":1793642964927,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T12:13:12Z","timestamp":1571141592000},"page":"110604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Low iron stores in preconception nulliparous women; a two-center cross-sectional study in peri-urban Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9686-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Adu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemer","family":"Attivor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sampson Takyi","family":"Nartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.D.","family":"Ephraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaw A.","family":"Awuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-S3-S8","article-title":"Preconception care: advancing from \u2018important to do and can be done\u2019 to \u2018is being done and is making a difference\u2019","volume":"11","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27151","article-title":"Assessment of iron deficiency in US preschool children and nonpregnant females of childbearing age: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132006","volume":"89","author":"Cogswell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002401","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993-2005","volume":"12","author":"McLean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0004","first-page":"310","article-title":"Anaemia in pregnant, postpartum and non pregnant women in Lak district, Daklak province of Vietnam","volume":"16","author":"Trinh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-626","article-title":"Prevalence of anemia among under-5 children in the Ghanaian population: estimates from the Ghana demographic and health survey","volume":"14","author":"Ewusie","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0006","series-title":"Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0007","series-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control. A guide for programme managers","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0008","series-title":"Weekly iron\u2013folic acid supplementation (WIFS) in women of reproductive age: its role in promoting optimal maternal and child health. Position statement","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.1.257S","article-title":"Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them","volume":"72","author":"Bothwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1258\/om.2010.100004","article-title":"Iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"McMahon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0011","first-page":"329","article-title":"New insights into placental iron transport","volume":"50","author":"Harris","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0012","first-page":"297","article-title":"A prevalence survey of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in pregnant and lactating women, adult males and pre-school children in Zimbabwe","volume":"44","author":"Sikosana","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140103.x","article-title":"The prevalence of hookworm infection, iron deficiency and anaemia in an aboriginal community in north-west Australia","volume":"166","author":"Hopkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.08.011","article-title":"The effects of prophylactic iron given in prenatal supplements on iron status and birth outcomes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"194","author":"Siega-Riz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.773","article-title":"Iron supplementation during pregnancy, anemia, and birth weight: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Cogswell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0016","series-title":"Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0017","series-title":"WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS)","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0018","series-title":"Dacie and Lewis practical haematology","author":"Bain","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0019","series-title":"C-reactive protein concentrations as a marker of inflammation or infection for interpreting biomarkers of micronutrient status. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011866","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia: a common and curable disease","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0021","series-title":"Basic malaria microscopy. Part I. Learner's guide","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0022","series-title":"The global prevalence of anaemia in 2011","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0023","first-page":"108","article-title":"Anemia in women of reproductive age. The results of a national probability survey","volume":"37","author":"Martinez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Salud publica de Mexico"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602508","article-title":"Prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia among healthy women of reproductive age in Bhaktapur, Nepal","volume":"61","author":"Chandyo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0025","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Anemia in adolescent girls: a preliminary report from semi-urban Nepal","volume":"39","author":"Shah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0026","first-page":"319","article-title":"The prevalence of anaemia and morbidity profile among school going adolescent girls of urban Kathmandu, Nepal","author":"Tiwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003776","article-title":"Weight status and iron deficiency among urban Malian women of reproductive age","volume":"105","author":"Fanou-Fogny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.375","article-title":"Anemia, iron deficiency, meat consumption, and hookworm infection in women of reproductive age in northwest Vietnam","volume":"78","author":"Pasricha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8040197","article-title":"Low prevalence of iron and vitamin A deficiency among Cambodian women of reproductive age","volume":"8","author":"Wieringa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0030","first-page":"58","article-title":"The prevalence of anemia among children and women of reproductive age in Kazakhstan and basis of its prevention","volume":"82","author":"Smagulova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Voprosy pitaniia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342006000200010","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia among Mexican women on reproductive age. History of an unresolved problem","volume":"48","author":"Casanueva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Salud Publica de Mexico"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.101022","article-title":"Periconceptional iron and folate status is inadequate among married, nulliparous women in rural Bangladesh","volume":"139","author":"Khambalia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.440S","article-title":"Iron requirements in adolescent females","volume":"130","author":"Beard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.6.1047","article-title":"Iron requirements in menstruating women","volume":"54","author":"Hallberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.5.1064","article-title":"Dietary iron intake is positively associated with hemoglobin concentration during infancy but not during the second year of life","volume":"134","author":"Lind","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0036","series-title":"Nutritional anaemias: tools for effective prevention and control","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2009.10719759","article-title":"Poor iron status is not associated with overweight or overfat in non-obese pre-menopausal women","volume":"28","author":"Karl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.43","article-title":"Adiposity in women and children from transition countries predicts decreased iron absorption, iron deficiency and a reduced response to iron fortification","volume":"32","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.054551","article-title":"Assessment of iron deficiency in the context of the obesity epidemic: importance of correcting serum ferritin concentrations for inflammation","volume":"98","author":"Gartner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803625","article-title":"Inflammation and iron deficiency in the hypoferremia of obesity","volume":"31","author":"Yanoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802224","article-title":"Greater prevalence of iron deficiency in overweight and obese children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Pinhas-Hamiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.198","article-title":"Iron deficiency in obese postmenopausal women","volume":"14","author":"Lecube","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.104","article-title":"Overweight children and adolescents: a risk group for iron deficiency","volume":"114","author":"Nead","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089990071930187X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089990071930187X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T12:09:56Z","timestamp":1760270996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S089990071930187X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S089990071930187X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-9007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-9007","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Low iron stores in preconception nulliparous women; a two-center cross-sectional study in peri-urban Ghana","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110604"}}