{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:18:33Z","timestamp":1788848313310,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007648","name":"Durban University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID 84166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID 84166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]],"date-time":"2020-11-21T02:12:12Z","timestamp":1605924732000},"page":"111089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prospective options of algae-derived nutraceuticals as supplements to combat COVID-19 and human coronavirus diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Sachitra K.","family":"Ratha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9890-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirmal","family":"Renuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8108-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faizal","family":"Bux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19","volume":"368","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00272","article-title":"Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.03.007","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1126\/science.368.6489.356","article-title":"A rampage through the body","volume":"368","author":"Wadman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2286-9","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing","volume":"583","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00073-5","article-title":"The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape","volume":"19","author":"Thanh Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0008","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People who are at higher risk for severe illness. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/people-at-higher-risk. Accessed April 18, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.02.007","article-title":"Nutraceuticals have potential for boosting the type 1 interferon response to RNA viruses including influenza and coronavirus","volume":"63","author":"McCarty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0635-2","article-title":"Nutritional recommendations for COVID-19 quarantine","volume":"74","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110835","article-title":"Early nutritional supplementation in non-critically ill patients hospitalized for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Rationale and feasibility of a shared pragmatic protocol","volume":"74","author":"Caccialanza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110834","article-title":"Nutrition support in the time of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)","volume":"74","author":"Laviano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12091","article-title":"Seaweed and human health","volume":"72","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux047","article-title":"Lipid-lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel","volume":"75","author":"Cicero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5922.2010.00200.x","article-title":"Hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activities of microalgae Spirulina","volume":"28","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2013.01.006","article-title":"New insights into the biodiversity and applications of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)\u2014Prospects and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1661-5","article-title":"Extraction and characterisation of analytical grade C-phycocyanin from Euhalothece sp","volume":"31","author":"Mogany","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Phycol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58896-6","article-title":"Spirulina maxima extract prevents activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting ERK signaling","volume":"10","author":"Chei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0019","article-title":"Preventive or therapeutic composition for viral infectious disease","author":"Furukawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Google Patents;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00166-7","article-title":"Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: Augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis","volume":"2","author":"Hirahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1021\/np960017o","article-title":"Calcium spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis","volume":"59","author":"Hayashi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00132-8","article-title":"Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2","volume":"56","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Corona","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3390\/md11010233","article-title":"Bioactivity and applications of sulphated polysaccharides from marine microalgae","volume":"11","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1862","article-title":"Anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds from algae and cyanobacteria","volume":"45","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Safe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1744-5","article-title":"The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: An overview","volume":"90","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.76","article-title":"The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens","volume":"8","author":"Selmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.07.067","article-title":"In vivo bioavailability and antioxidant activity of carotenoids from microalgal biomass \u2014 A repeated dose study","volume":"54","author":"Ranga Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2016017387","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of natural killer cell IFN-\u03b3 production","volume":"36","author":"Mah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24253","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24253","article-title":"Well-tolerated Spirulina extract inhibits influenza virus replication and reduces virus-induced mortality","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016771","article-title":"Immune adjuvant therapy using Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) in advanced malignancies: A phase 1 study of safety and immunogenicity assessments","volume":"98","author":"Nishida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: The perspectives on immune responses","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117583","article-title":"COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment","volume":"250","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25685","article-title":"Coronavirus infections and immune responses","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106504","article-title":"The diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in COVID-19 patients","volume":"84","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-020-00404-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions","volume":"10","author":"Yuen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.01.010","article-title":"Spirulina ameliorates methotrexate hepatotoxicity via antioxidant, immune stimulation, and proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic proteins modulation","volume":"196","author":"Khafaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure","volume":"436","author":"Imai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa235","article-title":"SARS-CoV2: Should inhibitors of the renin\u2013angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19?","volume":"41","author":"Kuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8017","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00998-13","article-title":"Novel inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry that act by three distinct mechanisms","volume":"87","author":"Adedeji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0045","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in disease pathogenesis","volume":"74","author":"Imai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8","article-title":"Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Resp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0044","unstructured":"Lowe D. Angiotensin and the coronavirus. Available at: https:\/\/blogs.sciencemag.org\/pipeline\/archives\/2020\/03\/17\/angiotensin-and-the-coronavirus. Accessed April 18, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-01291-4","article-title":"Outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection taking ACEI\/ARB","volume":"22","author":"Rico-Mesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103592","article-title":"Chemical and biological characterization of spirulina protein hydrolysates: Focus on ACE and DPP-IV activities modulation","volume":"63","author":"Aiello","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Funct Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2019.170107","article-title":"Natural ACE inhibitory peptides discovery from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) strain C1","volume":"118","author":"Anekthanakul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2941","article-title":"A heptameric peptide purified from Spirulina sp. gastrointestinal hydrolysate inhibits angiotensin I-converting enzyme-and angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction in human endothelial cells","volume":"39","author":"Heo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8485","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7602","article-title":"Effects of IQP, VEP and Spirulina platensis hydrolysates on the local kidney renin angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0051","first-page":"2586","article-title":"Transport of ACE inhibitory peptides Ile-Gln-Pro and Val-Glu-Pro derived from Spirulina platensis across Caco-2 monolayers","volume":"83","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Funct Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1996.12.1463","article-title":"A natural sulfated polysaccharide, calcium Spirulan, isolated from Spirulina platensis: In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of anti-herpes simplex virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities","volume":"12","author":"Hayashi","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retrov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2019.02.010","article-title":"Phycobiliproteins from cyanobacteria: Chemistry and biotechnological applications","volume":"37","author":"Pagels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979609052747","article-title":"Spirulina platensis exposure enhances macrophage phagocytic function in cats","volume":"18","author":"Qureshi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"}],"container-title":["Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900720303725?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900720303725?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:26:57Z","timestamp":1777580817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899900720303725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0899900720303725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-9007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-9007","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prospective options of algae-derived nutraceuticals as supplements to combat COVID-19 and human coronavirus diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111089","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111089"}}