{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:13:45Z","timestamp":1784708025972,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR00142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR00142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T12:06:46Z","timestamp":1607083606000},"page":"111106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Increased risk for COVID-19 in patients with vitamin D deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0741-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Katz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijia","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0001","article-title":"Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"80","author":"Holick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1","article-title":"The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Holick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12968","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in patients with aggressive periodontitis","volume":"25","author":"Anbarcioglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.020","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D status on oral health","volume":"175","author":"Uwitonze","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722","article-title":"Association of vitamin D status and other clinical characteristics with COVID-19 test results","volume":"3","author":"Meltzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-016-0208-y","article-title":"Vitamin D and airway infections: a European perspective","volume":"21","author":"Zittermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013001134","article-title":"Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and symptoms of respiratory tract infection in a Norwegian population: the Troms\u00f8 Study","volume":"17","author":"Robertsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01677-y","article-title":"Evidence for possible association of vitamin D status with cytokine storm and unregulated inflammation in COVID-19 patients","volume":"32","author":"Daneshkhah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Very high prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in 6433 UK South Asian adults: analysis of the UK Biobank Cohort","author":"Darling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25106","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID-19 in children?","volume":"55","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00513","article-title":"A basic review of the preliminary evidence that COVID-19 risk and severity is increased in vitamin D deficiency","volume":"8","author":"Benskin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01716-8","article-title":"Vitamin D status and COVID-19 in older adults","volume":"32","author":"Mandal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105751","article-title":"Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study","volume":"203","author":"Entrenas Castillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139016","article-title":"Sunlight exposure increased Covid-19 recovery rates: a study in the central pandemic area of Indonesia","volume":"729","author":"Asyary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa274","article-title":"Simulated sunlight rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces","volume":"222","author":"Ratnesar-Shumate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.06.021","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.004","article-title":"Diabetes in COVID-19: prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6924e2","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 case surveillance \u2014 United States, January 22\u2013May 30, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Stokes","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0020","series-title":"Sample size calculations in clinical research","author":"Chow","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051466","article-title":"COVID-19: the inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation","volume":"12","author":"Zabetakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12283","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes\u2013think in and outside the gut","volume":"16","author":"Margulies","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0023","article-title":"Dental diseases are associated with increased odds ratio for coronavirus disease 19","author":"Katz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.049","article-title":"Response to \u2018vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-0026","article-title":"Intraindividual variation in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D measures 5 years apart among postmenopausal women","volume":"21","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.050","article-title":"Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"Hastie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548","article-title":"COVID-19 and African Americans","volume":"323","author":"Yancy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.10.030","article-title":"The role of health-related behaviors in the socioeconomic disparities in oral health","volume":"68","author":"Sabbah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1126","article-title":"Vitamin D and African Americans","volume":"136","author":"Harris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2020.100362","article-title":"Covid-19 and vit-d: disease mortality negatively correlates with sunlight exposure","volume":"35","author":"Lansiaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040988","article-title":"Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30183-2","article-title":"Vitamin-D and COVID-19: do deficient risk a poorer outcome","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6583","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6583","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"356","author":"Martineau","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0034","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Covid-19 treament guidelines. Available at: https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/adjunctive-therapy\/vitamin-d\/. Accessed December 23, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008874","article-title":"Exploring links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Mohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"}],"container-title":["Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900720303890?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900720303890?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T12:12:00Z","timestamp":1760271120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899900720303890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0899900720303890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-9007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-9007","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Increased risk for COVID-19 in patients with vitamin D deficiency","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111106","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111106"}}