{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T12:48:38Z","timestamp":1781786918531,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T21:00:15Z","timestamp":1634850015000},"page":"111509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Choline deficiency: Is it being recognized?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Glade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin A.","family":"Crook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0001","first-page":"PPP","article-title":"Resolution of severe hepatosteatosis in a cystic fibrosis patient with multifactorial choline deficiency: a case report","volume":"NNN","author":"Bernhard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.7.2010061","article-title":"Choline, an essential nutrient for humans","volume":"5","author":"Zeisel","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111156","article-title":"Choline: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adults","volume":"26","author":"Zeisel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(00)00349-X","article-title":"Choline: an essential nutrient for humans","volume":"16","author":"Zeisel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607101025005260","article-title":"Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Buchman","year":"2001","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(61)90745-4","article-title":"Methyl transfering enzyme system of microsomes in the biosynthesis of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine)","volume":"46","author":"Bremer","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16864","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)37471-4","article-title":"Kinetic mechanism of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase","volume":"263","author":"Ridgway","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.30064","article-title":"Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation","volume":"92","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3580com","article-title":"Polymorphism of the PEMT gene and susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8227com","article-title":"Zeisel SH. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene expression is induced by estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytes","volume":"21","author":"Resseguie","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21721","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21721","article-title":"Insufficiency of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is risk for lean non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"6","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1302","article-title":"Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods","volume":"133","author":"Zeisel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0013","series-title":"USDA database for the choline content of common foods, release two","author":"Patterson","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.8.2607","article-title":"Choline uptake in human intestinal Caco-2 cells is carrier-mediated","volume":"133","author":"Kamath","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)33590-1","article-title":"Formation of methylamines from ingested choline and lecithin","volume":"225","author":"Zeisel","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1400503","article-title":"The mechanism of intestinal absorption of phosphatidylcholine in rats","volume":"140","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)02134-7","article-title":"Functional characterization of the human high-affinity choline transporter","volume":"484","author":"Okuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(00)00436-6","article-title":"Effect of oral CDP-choline on plasma choline and uridine levels in humans","volume":"60","author":"Wurtman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.01.011","article-title":"Choline status in newborns, infants, children, breast-feeding women, breast-fed infants and human breast milk","volume":"16","author":"Ilcol","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35210-9","article-title":"Influence of choline and methionine on phospholipide activity and total lipide content of livers of young white rats","volume":"166","author":"Horning","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)69166-5","article-title":"The active synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is required for very low density lipoprotein secretion from rat hepatocytes","volume":"263","author":"Yao","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400079-JLR200","article-title":"Phosphatidylcholine deficiency upregulates enzymes of triacylglycerol metabolism in CHO cells","volume":"45","author":"Caviglia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422900204","article-title":"Sex differences in choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"229","author":"Kashireddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00518.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in rats fed with a choline-deficient diet","volume":"6","author":"Oliveira","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171080","article-title":"Choline and methionine differentially alter methyl carbon metabolism in bovine neonatal hepatocytes","volume":"12","author":"Chandler","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1992.10718251","article-title":"Choline: an important nutrient in brain development, liver function and carcinogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Zeisel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)73454-6","article-title":"Choline metabolism. I: the occurrence and prevention of hemorrhagic degeneration in young rats on a low choline diet","volume":"131","author":"Griffith","year":"1939","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(93)90143-R","article-title":"Low plasma free choline is prevalent in patients receiving long term parenteral nutrition and is associated with hepatic aminotransferase abnormalities","volume":"12","author":"Buchman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181a93735","article-title":"Whole-blood\u2013free choline and choline metabolites in infants who require chronic parenteral nutrition therapy","volume":"50","author":"Sentongo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90301-3","article-title":"Choline deficiency associated with total parenteral nutrition","volume":"2","author":"Burt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.2.219","article-title":"Plasma choline concentration in humans fed parenterally","volume":"43","author":"Sheard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90777-V","article-title":"Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients","volume":"102","author":"Buchman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02312-2","article-title":"Serum choline in extremely preterm infants declines with increasing parenteral nutrition","volume":"60","author":"Nilsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.129684","article-title":"The association of serum choline with linear growth failure in young children from rural Malawi","volume":"104","author":"Semba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3459","article-title":"Eggs in early complementary feeding and child growth: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"140","author":"Iannotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.160515","article-title":"Eggs early in complementary feeding increase choline pathway biomarkers and DHA: a randomized controlled trial in Ecuador","volume":"106","author":"Iannotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0037","first-page":"1399","article-title":"Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation","volume":"22","author":"Buchman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6867732","article-title":"Choline and cholinergic neurons","volume":"221","author":"Blusztajn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2011.10.008","article-title":"Dietary choline deficiency causes DNA strand breaks and alters epigenetic marks on DNA and histones","volume":"733","author":"Zeisel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1984.tb06107.x","article-title":"Effects of chronic (dietary) choline availability on the transport of choline across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"43","author":"Wecker","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1978.tb06530.x","article-title":"Carrier mediated blood-brain barrier transport of choline and certain choline analogs","volume":"30","author":"Cornford","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251187","article-title":"Brain acetylcholine: control by dietary choline","volume":"191","author":"Cohen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(03)00104-5","article-title":"Oral choline increases choline metabolites in human brain","volume":"130","author":"Babb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91002-5","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier transport of choline is reduced in the aged rat","volume":"440","author":"Mooradian","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530110064037","article-title":"Decreased brain choline uptake in older adults: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"274","author":"Cohen","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz148","article-title":"Associations of dietary choline intake with risk of incident dementia and with cognitive performance: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study","volume":"110","author":"Ylilauri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0047","first-page":"416","article-title":"Lower brain and blood nutrient status in Alzheimer's disease: results from meta-analyses","volume":"3","author":"de Wilde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000151283.33976.e6","article-title":"Betaine and folate status as cooperative determinants of plasma homocysteine in humans","volume":"25","author":"Holm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.4.1073","article-title":"The association between betaine and choline intakes and the plasma concentrations of homocysteine in women","volume":"86","author":"Chiuve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0518","article-title":"Metabolic crosstalk between choline\/1-carbon metabolism and energy homeostasis","volume":"51","author":"Zeisel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75956-z","article-title":"Palmitate and pyruvate carbon flux in response to choline and methionine in bovine neonatal hepatocytes","volume":"10","author":"Chandler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27025","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R109.040543","article-title":"What is the metabolic role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase?","volume":"284","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4137\/NMI.S29465","article-title":"Effects of choline on DNA methylation and macronutrient metabolic gene expression in in vitro models of hyperglycemia","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.08.005","article-title":"High dietary choline and betaine intake is associated with low insulin resistance in the Newfoundland population","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.243006","article-title":"Dietary choline intake is directly associated with bone mineral density in the Hordaland Health Study","volume":"147","author":"\u00d8yen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh187","article-title":"Periconceptional dietary intake of choline and betaine and neural tube defects in offspring","volume":"160","author":"Shaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000208348.30012.35","article-title":"Maternal nutrient intakes and risk of orofacial clefts","volume":"17","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20675","article-title":"Periconceptional nutrient intakes and risks of neural tube defects in California","volume":"88","author":"Carmichael","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000302","article-title":"Choline: the underconsumed and underappreciated essential nutrient","volume":"53","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41197","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010936200","article-title":"Opposing regulation of choline deficiency-induced apoptosis by p53 and nuclear factor \u03baB","volume":"276","author":"Holmes-McNary","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00834.x","article-title":"Hypomethylation of CpG sites and c-myc gene overexpression in hepatocellular carcinomas, but not hyperplastic nodules, induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet in rats","volume":"90","author":"Tsujiuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jpn J Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53967-3","article-title":"Accumulation of 1,2-sn-diradylglycerol with increased membrane-associated protein kinase C may be the mechanism for spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in choline-deficient rats","volume":"268","author":"da Costa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/16.2.327","article-title":"Effects of prolonged (1 year) choline deficiency and subsequent re-feeding of choline on 1,2-sn-diradylglycerol, fatty acids and protein kinase C in rat liver","volume":"16","author":"da Costa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080474","article-title":"Maternal methyl-group donor intake and global DNA (hydroxy)methylation before and during pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Pauwels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000300","article-title":"Coupling global methylation and gene expression profiles reveal key pathophysiological events in liver injury induced by a methyl-deficient diet","volume":"55","author":"Tryndyak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0066","series-title":"Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline","first-page":"390","article-title":"Choline","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112617","article-title":"Trends in dietary nutrients by demographic characteristics and BMI among US adults, 2003\u20132016","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080839","article-title":"Usual choline intakes are associated with egg and protein food consumption in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103006","article-title":"Energy and nutrient intake of Americans according to meeting current dairy recommendations","volume":"12","author":"Hess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900721003713?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900721003713?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T12:19:09Z","timestamp":1760271549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899900721003713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["S0899900721003713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-9007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-9007","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Choline deficiency: Is it being recognized?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111509","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111509"}}