{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:55:33Z","timestamp":1785164133302,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T01:38:08Z","timestamp":1765417088000},"page":"113060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["In defense of the Holman index: Defining fatty acid deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhye","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Watnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7216-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djanira","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-7017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Ruiz-Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Puder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0431-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Gura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607112449650","article-title":"A tutorial on fatty acid biology","volume":"36","author":"Kalish","year":"2012","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0002","first-page":"35439","article-title":"Essential fatty acids: the work of George and Mildred Burr","volume":"287","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.10.003","article-title":"The effect of varying ratios of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in the prevention and reversal of biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency in a murine model","volume":"62","author":"Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0004","article-title":"Essential fatty acid deficiency in parenteral nutrition: historical perspective and modern solutions, a narrative review","author":"Wolff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.08.019","article-title":"Intravenous lipid emulsions designed to meet preterm infant requirements increase plasma and tissue levels of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in mice","volume":"43","author":"Fligor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2662","article-title":"Reversal of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in two infants with short bowel syndrome using parenteral fish oil: implications for future management","volume":"118","author":"Gura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e678","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2248","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of fish-oil-based fat emulsion in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease","volume":"121","author":"Gura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/25.9.897","article-title":"Essential fatty acid deficiency in infants induced by fat-free intravenous feeding","volume":"25","author":"Paulsrud","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.12.2390","article-title":"Effect of sex and age on fatty acid composition of human serum lipids","volume":"32","author":"Holman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/33.10.1869","article-title":"Criteria for essential fatty acid deficiency in plasma as assessed by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography","volume":"33","author":"Siguel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.25.2580","article-title":"Diagnosing essential fatty acid deficiency","volume":"97","author":"Siguel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.4.1530","article-title":"Short-term cholesterol lowering decreases size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after dipyridamole in patients with coronary artery disease. A potential noninvasive marker of healing coronary endothelium","volume":"89","author":"Gould","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.08.047","article-title":"Intravenous fat emulsions reduction for patients with parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease","volume":"160","author":"Cober","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1537","article-title":"Essential fatty acid requirements and intravenous lipid emulsions","volume":"43","author":"Gramlich","year":"2019","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.1860080205","article-title":"Evaluation of reference ranges for fatty acids in serum","volume":"8","author":"Sera","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e385","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.385","article-title":"Medium-chain Acyl-COA dehydrogenase deficiency: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"6","author":"Mason","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59565-2.00028-9","article-title":"Peroxisomal disorders","volume":"113","author":"Aubourg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0018","unstructured":"Kumar R, Hodis B, De Jesus O. Refsum disease. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK560618\/. Accessed September 9, 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.07.004","article-title":"Redefining essential fatty acids in the era of novel intravenous lipid emulsions","volume":"37","author":"Anez-Bustillos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607116633796","article-title":"Long-term fish oil lipid emulsion use in children with intestinal failure\u2013associated liver disease","volume":"41","author":"Nandivada","year":"2017","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10778","article-title":"ASPEN lipid injectable emulsion safety recommendations part 2: Neonate and pediatric considerations","volume":"36","author":"Cober","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607116661031","article-title":"Higher doses of fish oil\u2013based lipid emulsions used to treat inadequate weight gain and rising triene:tetraene ratio in a severely malnourished infant with intestinal failure\u2013associated liver disease","volume":"41","author":"Riedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"}],"container-title":["Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900725003776?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900725003776?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T07:24:21Z","timestamp":1770794661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899900725003776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["S0899900725003776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-9007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-9007","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"In defense of the Holman index: Defining fatty acid deficiency","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2025.113060","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113060"}}