{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T13:31:48Z","timestamp":1793280708994,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/7\/86\/MH\/Adhoc\/2020-RBMCH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/7\/86\/MH\/Adhoc\/2020-RBMCH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T07:51:11Z","timestamp":1776066671000},"page":"113243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Programming offspring bone health: mechanistic perspectives on maternal macro- and micronutrient intake"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2990-5861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjana Rajendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarath John","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2139-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunal","family":"Sharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.12.035","article-title":"The importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: lifelong consequences","volume":"226","author":"Marshall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2023.08.007","article-title":"Early-life nutrition and adult-life outcomes","volume":"100","author":"Alves","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13023","article-title":"Early life programming of health and disease: the long-term consequences of obesity in pregnancy","volume":"35","author":"Langley-Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0004","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth restriction induces adulthood chronic metabolic disorder in cardiac and skeletal muscles","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05683.x","article-title":"Fetal origins of adult diabetes","volume":"1205","author":"Kanaka-Gantenbein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008870","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension in adults: a meta-analysis of 7 646 267 participants from 135 studies","volume":"7","author":"Knop","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.07.001","article-title":"The Dutch famine and its long-term consequences for adult health","volume":"82","author":"Roseboom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300012165","article-title":"The influence of larval phase on metabolic reserves, fecundity and lifespan of the African armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","volume":"77","author":"Gunn","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158179","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet and offspring hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Tain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12859","article-title":"Maternal overnutrition elevates offspring\u2019s blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Eitmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-019-0153-y","article-title":"Long-term impact of maternal high-fat diet on offspring cardiac health: role of micro-RNA biogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Siddeek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092866","article-title":"Nutrients, diet, and other factors in prenatal life and bone health in young adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"12","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0013","first-page":"5","article-title":"The consequences of being born small\u2014an adaptive perspective","volume":"65","author":"Gluckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2017.60.6.506","article-title":"What is fetal programming?: A lifetime health is under the control of in utero health","volume":"60","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14259","article-title":"Osteocalcin and the physiology of danger","volume":"596","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Febs Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10190","article-title":"FGF23, hypophosphatemia, and emerging treatments","volume":"3","author":"Imel","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0017","article-title":"The effect of cytokines on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling in osteoporosis: a review","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-024-00010-9","article-title":"Bone metabolism\u2014an underappreciated player","volume":"2","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Metab Health Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/421746","article-title":"Biology of bone tissue: structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells","volume":"2015","author":"Florencio-Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8992","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238992","article-title":"Role of metabolism in bone development and homeostasis","volume":"21","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05802-w","article-title":"An emerging role of mitochondrial quality control in bone metabolism: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapeutic interventions","volume":"82","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2010.501077","article-title":"Investigational anabolic therapies for osteoporosis","volume":"19","author":"Trivedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456796","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1456796","article-title":"Osteoporosis treatment: current drugs and future developments","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"SUPPL 1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-023-01058-3","article-title":"Classification of osteoporosis","volume":"57","author":"Amarnath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.17772\/gp\/58795","article-title":"Fetal programming and the etiology of osteoporosis","volume":"86","author":"Pienkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081329","article-title":"Epigenetic Mechanisms in bone biology and osteoporosis: can they drive therapeutic choices?","volume":"17","author":"Marini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168382","article-title":"Effects of poor maternal nutrition during gestation on bone development and mesenchymal stem cell activity in offspring","volume":"11","author":"Pillai","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13600","article-title":"Effects of low and high levels of maternal nutrition consumed for the entirety of gestation on the development of muscle, adipose tissue, bone, and the organs of Wagyu cattle fetuses","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Sci J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1998.10718739","article-title":"Relation of nutrition, body composition and physical activity to skeletal development: a cross-sectional study in preadolescent females","volume":"17","author":"Ilich","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-2104-9","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to a maternal low protein diet reduces adult bone mass and alters growth plate morphology in rats","volume":"71","author":"Mehta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.9.7633","article-title":"Dietary protein restriction lowers plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), impairs cortical bone formation, and induces osteoblastic resistance to IGF-I in adult female rats","volume":"141","author":"Bourrin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.03.002","article-title":"The developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Gluckman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2147\/IBPC.S312868","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms of fetal growth restriction-induced programming of hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Bhunu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr Blood Press Control"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0034","first-page":"e140","article-title":"Cardiovascular health starts in the Womb (vol 81, pg 2016, 2025)","volume":"82","author":"Falkner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.10.7042","article-title":"A low protein diet alters the balance of islet cell replication and apoptosis in the fetal and neonatal rat and is associated with a reduced pancreatic expression of insulin-like growth factor-II","volume":"140","author":"Petrik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.051052","article-title":"Maternal first-trimester diet and childhood bone mass: the Generation R Study","volume":"98","author":"Heppe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0037","article-title":"Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants","author":"Kuschel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00733.x","article-title":"Maternal low-protein diet affects bone mass and mineral metabolism in suckling rats","volume":"92","author":"Fetoui","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12545","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation alters central leptin signalling, increases food intake, and decreases bone mass in 1 year old rat offspring","volume":"43","author":"Qasem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602552","article-title":"Higher maternal dietary protein intake in late pregnancy is associated with a lower infant ponderal index at birth","volume":"61","author":"Andreasyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.128421","article-title":"Maternal protein intake during pregnancy and linear growth in the offspring","volume":"104","author":"Switkowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-2104-9","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to a maternal low protein diet reduces adult bone mass and alters growth plate morphology in rats","volume":"71","author":"Mehta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0043","article-title":"Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Life Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03608-6","article-title":"Maternal high protein-diet programs impairment of offspring\u2019s bone mass through miR-24-1-5p mediated targeting of SMAD5 in osteoblasts","volume":"78","author":"Ellur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-025-00703-7","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic health: a review of current evidence","volume":"14","author":"G\u00f6vez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-023-01160-6","article-title":"Lipid metabolism, methylation aberrant, and osteoporosis: a multi-omics study based on mendelian randomization","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-006-0727-7","article-title":"Positive associations of bone mineral density with body mass index, physical activity, and blood triglyceride level in men over 70 years old: a TCVGHAGE study","volume":"25","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1977-2","article-title":"Association between bone mineral densities and serum lipid profiles of pre- and post-menopausal rural women in South Korea","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-200212000-00005","article-title":"Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Castro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.117","article-title":"The association between maternal diet during pregnancy and bone mass of the children at age 16","volume":"64","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102324","article-title":"Maternal high-cholesterol diet negatively programs offspring bone development and downregulates hedgehog signaling in osteoblasts","volume":"298","author":"Mangu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20204","article-title":"Gestational high saturated fat diet alters C57BL\/6 mouse perinatal skeletal formation","volume":"86","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138730","article-title":"Maternal high fat diet affects offspring\u2019s vitamin K-dependent proteins expression levels","volume":"10","author":"Lanham","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1118-4","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet: effects on offspring bone structure","volume":"21","author":"Lanham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-014-3985-5","article-title":"A maternal high fat diet has long-lasting effects on skeletal muscle lipid and PLIN protein content in rat offspring at young adulthood","volume":"50","author":"MacPherson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0130-x","article-title":"Comparison of maternal isocaloric high carbohydrate and high fat diets on osteogenic and adipogenic genes expression in adolescent mice offspring","volume":"13","author":"Mousavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0244","article-title":"Maternal obesity impairs skeletal development in adult offspring","volume":"239","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15094","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181215094","article-title":"Maternal high fat feeding does not have long-lasting effects on body composition and bone health in female and male Wistar rat offspring at young adulthood","volume":"18","author":"Miotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0059","first-page":"93","article-title":"Effects of exercise prior or during pregnancy in high fat diet fed mice alter bone gene expression of female offspring: an experimental study","volume":"15","author":"Gaeini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109245","article-title":"Maternal omega-3 LC-PUFA supplementation programs an improved bone mass in the offspring with a more pronounced effect in females than males at adulthood","volume":"113","author":"Vamadeva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.04.065","article-title":"Omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation improves neonatal and maternal bone turnover: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Kajarabille","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k3312","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3312","article-title":"Effect of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on bone, lean, and fat mass at six years: randomised clinical trial","volume":"362","author":"Vinding","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Br Med J"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2011.10.004","article-title":"Maternal supplementation with dietary arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids during lactation elevates bone mass in weanling rat and guinea pig offspring even if born small sized","volume":"86","author":"Weiler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1917","article-title":"Perinatal maternal dietary supplementation of \u03c93-fatty acids transiently affects bone marrow microenvironment, osteoblast and osteoclast formation, and bone mass in male offspring","volume":"153","author":"Fong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.01.012","article-title":"Exposure to omega-3 fatty acids at early age accelerate bone growth and improve bone quality","volume":"25","author":"Koren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3181\/0808-RM-247","article-title":"Vertebrae of developing fat-1 mice have greater strength and lower N-6\/N-3 fatty acid ratio","volume":"234","author":"Lau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993084","article-title":"High-fat, sucrose diet impairs geometrical and mechanical properties of cortical bone in mice","volume":"103","author":"Lorincz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203063","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1203063","article-title":"Effect of high-fructose consumption in pregnancy on the bone growth of offspring rats","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900418","article-title":"Effects of gestational age, maternal diabetes, and intrauterine growth retardation on markers of fetal bone turnover in amniotic fluid","volume":"62","author":"Harrast","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.12.4409","article-title":"Diabetes during pregnancy does not alter whole body bone mineral content in infants","volume":"82","author":"Lapillonne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050210","article-title":"Parental diabetes: the Akita mouse as a model of the effects of maternal and paternal hyperglycemia in wildtype offspring","volume":"7","author":"Grasemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510002631","article-title":"Long-term effects of gestational diabetes on offspring health are more pronounced in skeletal growth than body composition and glucose tolerance","volume":"104","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516002658","article-title":"Maternal dietary vitamin D carry-over alters offspring growth, skeletal mineralisation and tissue mRNA expressions of genes related to vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus homoeostasis in swine","volume":"116","author":"Amundson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.197806","article-title":"Dietary vitamin D during pregnancy has dose-dependent effects on long bone density and architecture in guinea pig offspring but not the sows","volume":"144","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.177","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D beneficially programs metabolic, gut and bone health of mouse male offspring in an obesogenic environment","volume":"40","author":"Villa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.294","article-title":"Colonic Bacteroides are positively associated with trabecular bone structure and programmed by maternal vitamin D in male but not female offspring in an obesogenic environment","volume":"42","author":"Villa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110675","article-title":"Maternal dietary vitamin D does not program systemic inflammation and bone health in adult female mice fed an obesogenic diet","volume":"8","author":"Villa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(81)90251-4","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D deficiency on skeletal development during early growth in the rat","volume":"209","author":"Halloran","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174412000542","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy on offspring bone structure, composition and quality in later life","volume":"4","author":"Lanham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9831","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9831","article-title":"Targeted ablation of the vitamin D receptor: an animal model of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopecia","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6262","article-title":"Normalization of mineral ion homeostasis by dietary means prevents hyperparathyroidism, rickets, and osteomalacia, but not alopecia in vitamin D receptor-ablated mice","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.023861","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status and calcium intake interact to affect fetal skeletal growth in utero in pregnant adolescents","volume":"95","author":"Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9504","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67922-1","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study","volume":"367","author":"Javaid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1391","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status determines bone variables in the newborn","volume":"95","author":"Viljakainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1499-4","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status affects bone growth in early childhood: a prospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Viljakainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2146","article-title":"Estimated maternal ultraviolet B exposure levels in pregnancy influence skeletal development of the child","volume":"94","author":"Sayers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2138","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and bone mass in offspring at 20 years of age: a prospective cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"9893","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0088","article-title":"Association of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy with bone-mineral content in offspring: a prospective cohort study (vol 381, pg 2176, 2013)","volume":"382","author":"Lawlor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30064-5","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations during fetal life and bone health in children aged 6 years: a population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01352.x","article-title":"Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and birthweight, growth and bone mineral accretion of Gambian infants","volume":"98","author":"Prentice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090701","article-title":"Low maternal vitamin D status and fetal bone development: cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Mahon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6380","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6380.1822","article-title":"Mineral content of the forearms of babies born to Asian and white mothers","volume":"286","author":"Walters","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2016.07.011","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on infant anthropometric measurements and bone mass of mother-infant pairs: a randomized placebo clinical trial","volume":"103","author":"Vaziri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-016-0777-4","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Sahoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10651","article-title":"Pregnancy vitamin D supplementation and childhood bone mass at age 4years: findings from the maternal vitamin D osteoporosis study (MAVIDOS) randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Curtis","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0096","first-page":"4","article-title":"Maternal pregnancy vitamin D supplementation increases offspring bone formation in response to mechanical loading: findings from a MAVIDOS trial sub-study","volume":"20","author":"Gopal-Kothandapani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"issue":"OCE5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E182","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665121003104","article-title":"Pregnancy vitamin D supplementation leads to greater offspring bone mineral density at age 4 years: findings from the MAVIDOS trial","volume":"80","author":"Curtis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.09.014","article-title":"Pregnancy vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone mineral density in childhood follow-up of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"Moon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.6083","article-title":"Effect of high-dose vs standard-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy on bone mineralization in offspring until age 6 years A prespecified secondary analysis of a double-blinded, randomized clinical trial","volume":"174","author":"Brustad","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101254","article-title":"High-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and 25(OH)D sufficiency in childhood reduce the risk of fractures and improve bone mineralization in childhood: follow-up of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Brustad","year":"2022","journal-title":"EclinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-004-0531-x","article-title":"Low bone mineral density and bone mineral content are associated with low cobalamin status in adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Dhonukshe-Rutten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R984","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00355.2020","article-title":"Maternal vitamin B12 in mice positively regulates bone, but not muscle mass and strength in post-weaning and mature offspring","volume":"320","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72606","article-title":"Vitamin B12-dependent taurine synthesis regulates growth and bone mass","volume":"124","author":"Roman-Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00795-z","article-title":"Gestational folate and offspring bone health; the vitamin D in pregnancy study","volume":"108","author":"Percival","year":"2021","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2431","article-title":"Bone mass in Indian children\u2014relationships to maternal nutritional status and diet during pregnancy: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study","volume":"91","author":"Ganpule","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.11.027","article-title":"Effects of hyperhomocysteinemia during the gestational period on ossification in rat embryo","volume":"46","author":"Azizi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417656","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1417656","article-title":"Maternal vitamin A and D status in second and third trimester of pregnancy and bone mineral content in offspring at nine years of age","volume":"15","author":"Stunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.130146","article-title":"Maternal serum retinal and \u03b2-carotene concentrations and neonatal bone mineralization: results from the Southampton Women\u2019s Survey cohort","volume":"104","author":"H\u00e4ndel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222712","article-title":"Maternal serum retinol, 25(OH)D and 1,25 (OH)2D concentrations during pregnancy and peak bone mass and trabecular bone score in adult offspring at 26-year follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Balasuriya","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70363","article-title":"Association between maternal vitamin K2 levels in late pregnancy and newborn bone metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-025-01161-0","article-title":"Structural insights into the vitamin K-dependent \u03b3-carboxylation of osteocalcin","volume":"35","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06568.x","article-title":"Bone-histology and mineral homeostasis in human-pregnancy","volume":"95","author":"Purdie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.06.001","article-title":"Long-term effects of maternal calcium supplementation on childhood growth differ between males and females in a population accustomed to a low calcium intake","volume":"103","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0114","first-page":"577","article-title":"Maternal calcium supplementation and fetal bone mineralization","volume":"94","author":"Koo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.3.466","article-title":"Effect of calcium supplementation to undernourished mothers during pregnancy on the bone density of the bone density of the neonates","volume":"31","author":"Raman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740050045","article-title":"Newborn bone mineral density and health care during pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.83.3.657","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled, calcium supplementation study in pregnant Gambian women: effects on breast-milk calcium concentrations and infant birth weight, growth, and bone mineral accretion in the first year of life","volume":"83","author":"Jarjou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-004-1148-1","article-title":"Bone mineralization in newborns whose mothers received magnesium sulphate for tocolysis of premature labour","volume":"34","author":"Malaeb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.02.007","article-title":"Prolonged maternal magnesium administration and bone metabolism in neonates","volume":"86","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/60.1.123","article-title":"Intra-uterine programming of the endocrine pancreas","volume":"60","author":"Fowden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1997.sp004034","article-title":"Placental transporter activity and expression in relation to fetal growth","volume":"82","author":"Sibley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2008.046359","article-title":"Hormones as epigenetic signals in developmental programming","volume":"94","author":"Fowden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e3182993a2e","article-title":"Role of placental nutrient sensing in developmental programming","volume":"56","author":"Jansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.12.006","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: implications for placental metabolism and transport. A review","volume":"30","author":"Cetin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9950351","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of fetal growth","volume":"7","author":"Fowden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999720","article-title":"Decreased bone mineral content in infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"5","author":"Mimouni","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.9853827","article-title":"Genetics of mouse growth","volume":"42","author":"Efstratiadis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00033","article-title":"Endocrine mechanisms of intrauterine programming","volume":"127","author":"Fowden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.937bp.x","article-title":"Developmental regulation of glucogenesis in the sheep fetus during late gestation","volume":"508","author":"Fowden","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0639","article-title":"Effects of pituitary hormone deficiency on growth and glucose metabolism of the sheep fetus","volume":"148","author":"Fowden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1750405","article-title":"Leptin directly regulates bone cell function in vitro and reduces bone fragility in vivo","volume":"175","author":"Cornish","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711119105","article-title":"Osteocalcin differentially regulates beta cell and adipocyte gene expression and affects the development of metabolic diseases in wild-type mice","volume":"105","author":"Ferron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81558-5","article-title":"Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: a central control of bone mass","volume":"100","author":"Ducy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7032","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03398","article-title":"Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART","volume":"434","author":"Elefteriou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.06.051","article-title":"A serotonin-dependent mechanism explains the leptin regulation of bone mass, appetite, and energy expenditure","volume":"138","author":"Yadav","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.11.023","article-title":"Hypothalamic substrates of metabolic imprinting","volume":"94","author":"Simerly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01049-8","article-title":"Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system","volume":"111","author":"Takeda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.406","article-title":"Central (ICV) leptin injection increases bone formation, bone mineral density, muscle mass, serum IGF-1, and the expression of osteogenic genes in leptin-deficient ob\/ob mice","volume":"26","author":"Bartell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.4.6637","article-title":"Leptin acts on human marrow stromal cells to enhance differentiation to osteoblasts and to inhibit differentiation to adipocytes","volume":"140","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808701106","article-title":"Dissociation of the neuronal regulation of bone mass and energy metabolism by leptin in vivo","volume":"105","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E884","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2589","article-title":"Cross-sectional evidence of a signaling pathway from bone homeostasis to glucose metabolism","volume":"96","author":"Gravenstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1760013","article-title":"Reductions in adipose tissue and skeletal growth in rat adult offspring after prenatal leptin exposure","volume":"176","author":"Nilsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0911","article-title":"Leptin-independent programming of adult body weight and adiposity in mice","volume":"152","author":"Cottrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1997.sp004024","article-title":"Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants","volume":"82","author":"Sies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress in development: nature or nurture?","volume":"49","author":"Dennery","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00978.x","article-title":"Oxygen, the Janus gas; its effects on human placental development and function","volume":"215","author":"Burton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.06.010","article-title":"Placental oxidative stress alters expression of murine osteogenic genes and impairs fetal skeletal formation","volume":"29","author":"Prater","year":"2008","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1236","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00227.2006","article-title":"Antenatal antioxidant prevents adult hypertension, vascular dysfunction, and microvascular rarefaction associated with in utero exposure to a low-protein diet","volume":"292","author":"Cambonie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-156075","article-title":"Poor maternal nutrition leads to alterations in oxidative stress, antioxidant defense capacity, and markers of fibrosis in rat islets: potential underlying mechanisms for development of the diabetic phenotype in later life","volume":"24","author":"Tarry-Adkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.027","article-title":"An epigenetic perspective on the free radical theory of development","volume":"43","author":"Hitchler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(96)02051-5","article-title":"Low antioxidant enzyme gene expression in pancreatic islets compared with various other mouse tissues","volume":"20","author":"Lenzen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.11.1733","article-title":"Relation between antioxidant enzyme gene expression and antioxidative defense status of insulin-producing cells","volume":"46","author":"Tiedge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0153","first-page":"2316","article-title":"Development of type 2 diabetes following intrauterine growth retardation in rats is associated with progressive epigenetic silencing of Pdx1","volume":"118","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(96)00050-6","article-title":"Influence of oxygen radical injury on DNA methylation","volume":"386","author":"Cerda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2019.108295","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress, genome damage and DNA methylation as determinants of pathological conditions in the newborn: an overview from conception to early neonatal stage","volume":"783","author":"Scarpato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.07.009","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation and fetal programming","volume":"22","author":"Gicquel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00342","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms link maternal diets and gut microbiome to obesity in the offspring","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.7.16263","article-title":"Methylation variation at IGF2 differentially methylated regions and maternal folic acid use before and during pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Hoyo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154109","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/154109","article-title":"High folic acid intake during pregnancy lowers body weight and reduces femoral area and strength in female rat offspring","volume":"2013","author":"Huot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Osteoporos"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.04.013","article-title":"Bone-specific gene expression patterns and whole bone tissue of female mice are programmed by early life exposure to soy isoflavones and folic acid","volume":"26","author":"Kaludjerovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.619301","article-title":"The Roles of epigenetics regulation in bone metabolism and osteoporosis","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.6.1382","article-title":"Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces and folic acid supplementation prevents epigenetic modification of hepatic gene expression in the offspring","volume":"135","author":"Lillycrop","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3153","article-title":"Perinatal DNA methylation at CDKN2A is associated with offspring bone mass: findings from the Southampton Women\u2019s survey","volume":"32","author":"Curtis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00487.x","article-title":"Reassessing the Dlx code: the genetic regulation of branchial arch skeletal pattern and development","volume":"207","author":"Depew","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.07.001","article-title":"Getting a molecular grasp on Hox contextual activity","volume":"21","author":"Merabet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Genet TIG"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.03.036","article-title":"Head, shoulders, knees, and toes","volume":"282","author":"de la Fuente","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20211","article-title":"Multiple functions of BMPs in chondrogenesis","volume":"93","author":"Yoon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33132","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500608200","article-title":"Canonical WNT signaling promotes osteogenesis by directly stimulating Runx2 gene expression","volume":"280","author":"Gaur","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00622-5","article-title":"The novel zinc finger-containing transcription factor Osterix is required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation","volume":"108","author":"Nakashima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450769196X","volume":"97","author":"Lillycrop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507894438","article-title":"Feeding pregnant rats a protein-restricted diet persistently alters the methylation of specific cytosines in the hepatic PPAR alpha promoter of the offspring","volume":"100","author":"Lillycrop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01544-06","article-title":"HOXA10 controls osteoblastogenesis by directly activating bone regulatory and phenotypic genes","volume":"27","author":"Hassan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00801-4","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet induces long-lasting defects in bone structure in rat offspring through enhanced osteoclastogenesis","volume":"108","author":"Kushwaha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00889-09","article-title":"Pbx1 represses osteoblastogenesis by blocking Hoxa10-mediated recruitment of chromatin remodeling factors","volume":"30","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.051052","article-title":"Maternal first-trimester diet and childhood bone mass: the Generation R Study","volume":"98","author":"Heppe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.117","article-title":"The association between maternal diet during pregnancy and bone mass of the children at age 16","volume":"64","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243_bib0177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1479","article-title":"Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone concentrations and offspring birth size","volume":"91","author":"Morley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900726001516?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899900726001516?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:33:47Z","timestamp":1793277227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899900726001516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":177,"alternative-id":["S0899900726001516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-9007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-9007","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Programming offspring bone health: mechanistic perspectives on maternal macro- and micronutrient intake","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2026.113243","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113243"}}