{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:39:28Z","timestamp":1787647168766,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"NIAAA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AA017347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AA017347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"NIAAA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA005965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA005965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"NIAAA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA010723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA010723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T16:16:18Z","timestamp":1711815378000},"page":"138-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Race explains substantial variance in whole blood thiamine diphosphate concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie M.","family":"Zahr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:31:1-3:017","article-title":"Role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of selective neuronal loss in Wernicke's encephalopathy","volume":"31","author":"Desjardins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nek009","article-title":"A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives","volume":"3","author":"Lonsdale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07019.x","article-title":"Thiamin diphosphate in biological chemistry: new aspects of thiamin metabolism, especially triphosphate derivatives acting other than as cofactors","volume":"276","author":"Bettendorff","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.03.010","article-title":"Responses of the mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex to thiamine deficiency may contribute to regional selective vulnerability","volume":"50","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-007-9076-z","article-title":"Glucose loading precipitates focal lactic acidosis in the vulnerable medial thalamus of thiamine-deficient rats","volume":"23","author":"Navarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00825.x","article-title":"Thiamin and thiamin phosphate ester deficiency assessed by high performance liquid chromatography in four clinical cases of Wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"17","author":"Tallaksen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524013363870","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of thiamine utilization","volume":"1","author":"Singleton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb05668.x","article-title":"Thiamine-dependent enzyme changes in the brains of alcoholics: relationship to the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Butterworth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14594","article-title":"A fresh look at thiamine deficiency\u2014new analyses by the global thiamine alliance","volume":"1498","author":"Bourassa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13509","article-title":"A diagnosis and treatment gap for thiamine deficiency disorders in sub-Saharan Africa?","volume":"1408","author":"Adamolekun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0011","first-page":"603","article-title":"Acute Wernicke encephalopathy and sensorineural hearing loss complicating bariatric surgery","volume":"76","author":"Jethava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conn Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2018.03.024","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of postoperative thiamine deficiency after vertical sleeve gastrectomy","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-023-06787-w","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral deficiency 12 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a cross-sectional multicenter study","volume":"33","author":"Bjerkan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0014","series-title":"Endotext","article-title":"Medical management of the postoperative bariatric surgery patient","author":"Kim","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111929","article-title":"Association between thiamine decrease and neuropsychiatric symptoms in gastrointestinal and hematological cancer patients receiving chemotherapy","volume":"141","author":"Iimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2023.154326","article-title":"Evaluation of whole blood thiamine pyrophosphate concentrations in critically ill patients receiving chronic diuretic therapy prior to admission to Turkish intensive care units: a pragmatic, multicenter, prospective study","volume":"77","author":"Gundogan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crit Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4823","article-title":"Delirium pathophysiology: an updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure","volume":"33","author":"Maldonado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0018","series-title":"B Vitamins and Folate: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects","article-title":"Measurement of thiamine levels in human tissue","author":"Zahr","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-004-0637-y","article-title":"Successful treatment of Wernicke encephalopathy in terminally ill cancer patients: report of 3 cases and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Onishi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0020","first-page":"54","article-title":"Vitamin utilization status in chronic alcoholics","volume":"51","author":"Majumdar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(94)05980-7","article-title":"Comparison of erythrocyte transketolase activity with thiamine and thiamine phosphate ester levels in chronic alcoholic patients","volume":"234","author":"Herve","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200212000-00004","article-title":"Individual susceptibility to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and alcoholism-induced cognitive deficit: impaired thiamine utilization found in alcoholics and alcohol abusers","volume":"12","author":"Heap","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008184","article-title":"Thiamine pyrophosphate effect and normalized erythrocyte transketolase activity ratio in Wernicke-Korsakoff patients and acute alcoholics undergoing detoxification","volume":"31","author":"Rooprai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(99)80019-3","article-title":"Thiamin deficiency in HIV-positive patients: evaluation by erythrocyte transketolase activity and thiamin pyrophosphate effect","volume":"18","author":"Muri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00996920","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency and Wernicke's encephalopathy in AIDS","volume":"6","author":"Butterworth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0026","first-page":"220","article-title":"Relationships between nutrition, alcohol use, and liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Lieber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.Supplement_1.2","article-title":"Mechanisms of vitamin deficiency in chronic alcohol misusers and the development of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Thomson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0028","first-page":"134","article-title":"The role of thiamine deficiency in alcoholic brain disease","volume":"27","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199607000-00024","article-title":"Beri-beri and thiamine deficiency in HIV infection","volume":"10","author":"Mouly","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1177\/000456328802500617","article-title":"The evaluation of erythrocyte thiamin diphosphate as an indicator of thiamin status in man, and its comparison with erythrocyte transketolase activity measurements","volume":"25","author":"Baines","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03153.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of Wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"17","author":"Galvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.07.030","article-title":"A single-step method for simultaneous quantification of thiamine and its phosphate esters in whole blood sample by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"1095","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2017.024349","article-title":"Simple HPLC method with internal standard for evaluation of vitamin B1 status by use of whole blood","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20079","article-title":"Assay values for thiamine or thiamine phosphate esters in whole blood do not depend on the anticoagulant used","volume":"19","author":"Ihara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)00089-3","article-title":"Determination of thiamine by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"881","author":"Lynch","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agad017","article-title":"Can thiamine substitution restore cognitive function in alcohol use disorder?","volume":"58","author":"Listabarth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0037","first-page":"205","article-title":"Blood thiamine and blood folate levels. A comparative study in control, alcoholic and folate-deficient subjects","volume":"51","author":"Bachevalier","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045056","article-title":"Blood thiamine and thiamine phosphate concentrations in excessive drinkers with or without peripheral neuropathy","volume":"25","author":"Poupon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0039","first-page":"523","article-title":"The concentration of thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Tallaksen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00139-9","article-title":"Simultaneous liquid chromatographic assessment of thiamine, thiamine monophosphate and thiamine diphosphate in human erythrocytes: a study on alcoholics","volume":"789","author":"Mancinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.10.003","article-title":"Vitamin deficiencies in acutely intoxicated patients in the ED","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6437.79","article-title":"Blood thiamine and thiamine phosphate ester concentrations in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases","volume":"289","author":"Dancy","year":"1984","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1992.tb01384.x","article-title":"Blood and serum thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters concentrations in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome before and after thiamin treatment","volume":"16","author":"Tallaksen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0722-2","article-title":"Vermal atrophy of alcoholics correlate with serum thiamine levels but not with dentate iron concentrations as estimated by MRI","volume":"252","author":"Maschke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1652438","article-title":"Thiamine and phosphate esters concentrations in whole blood and serum of patients with alcohol use disorder: a relation with cognitive deficits","volume":"24","author":"Coulbault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx086","article-title":"Nutritional status during inpatient alcohol detoxification","volume":"53","author":"Gautron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-02141-w","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of thiamine and magnesium status in relation to clinicopathological characteristics and 1-year mortality in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Maguire","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14843","article-title":"What is the optimum thiamine dose to treat or prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? Results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Dingwall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0049","first-page":"43","article-title":"Wernicke's encephalopathy: occurrence and pathological aspects in a series of 400 AIDS patients","volume":"63","author":"Boldorini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1089\/bari.2019.0065","article-title":"Safety of bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients with HIV: a nationwide inpatient sample analysis, 2004-2014","volume":"15","author":"McCarty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bariatr Surg Pract Patient Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199605010-00011","article-title":"Micronutrient profiles in HIV-1-infected heterosexual adults","volume":"12","author":"Skurnick","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0052","series-title":"Modern Lifestyles, Lower Energy Intake and Micronutrient Status","first-page":"55","article-title":"Biochemical markers for micronutrient status and their interpretation","author":"Schrijver","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/000456328201900111","article-title":"A reliable semiautomated method for the determination of total thiamine in whole blood by the thiochrome method with high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"19","author":"Schrijver","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0054","first-page":"337","article-title":"Biochemical evaluation of the vitamin and iron status of an apparently healthy Dutch free-living elderly population. Comparison with younger adults","volume":"55","author":"Schrijver","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.099077","article-title":"Rapid HPLC measurement of thiamine and its phosphate esters in whole blood","volume":"54","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2009.12.004","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency and the etiology of tropical ataxic neuropathy","volume":"2","author":"Adamolekun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/9.4.379","article-title":"On the etiology of the alcoholic neurologic diseases with special reference to the role of nutrition","volume":"9","author":"Victor","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000116324","article-title":"The haematic thiamine level in the course of alcoholic neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"Paladin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6066.939","article-title":"Sex-related differences among 100 patients with alcoholic liver disease","volume":"1","author":"Morgan","year":"1977","journal-title":"BM J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb31206.x","article-title":"Thiamin deficiency and alcoholism","volume":"378","author":"Leevy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14162","article-title":"Central nervous system correlates of \"objective\" neuropathy in alcohol use disorder","volume":"43","author":"Zahr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62619-6.00029-X","article-title":"Peripheral systems: neuropathy","volume":"125","author":"Maiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9123-1","article-title":"Alcohol-related peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"266","author":"Julian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09837-2","article-title":"Dissociable contributions of precuneus and cerebellum to subjective and objective neuropathy in HIV","volume":"14","author":"Zahr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0116","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV-related neuropathy: a systematic literature review","volume":"28","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000122654.65588.f0","article-title":"Relationship between loss of pedal sensibility, balance, and falls in patients with peripheral neuropathy","volume":"52","author":"Ducic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100003978","article-title":"HIV-related neurological syndromes reduce health-related quality of life","volume":"32","author":"Pandya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13919","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs","volume":"1430","author":"Whitfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0069","series-title":"Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Laboratories I, editor","article-title":"Vitamin B1 (thiamine), whole blood","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0070","series-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID) version 2.0","author":"First","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1982.43.1157","article-title":"Reliability of alcohol use indices. The lifetime drinking history and the MAST","volume":"43","author":"Skinner","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0072","series-title":"Four-factor index of social status","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094953","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for a relationship between elevated plasma TNF\u03b1 and smaller subcortical white matter volume in HCV infection irrespective of HIV or AUD comorbidity","volume":"22","author":"Zahr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0021","article-title":"The role of aging, drug dependence, and HCV comorbidity in alcoholism cortical compromise","author":"Sullivan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0075","first-page":"844","article-title":"Accelerated and premature aging characterizing regional cortical volume loss in HIV infection: contributions from alcohol, substance use, and hepatitis C Coinfection","volume":"3","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103333","article-title":"Serum biomarkers of liver fibrosis identify globus pallidus vulnerability","volume":"37","author":"Kwong","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0077","first-page":"3","article-title":"Changes in two point discrimination and the law of mobility in diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"3","author":"Periyasamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1970.00480250045007","article-title":"Somatosensory thresholds\u2013contrasting effects of postcentral-gyrus and posterior parietal-lobe excisions","volume":"23","author":"Corkin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.1989.tb09910.x","article-title":"Thiamine status in urban adolescents: effects of race","volume":"9","author":"Cromer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12237","article-title":"Hypomagnesaemia and its potential impact on thiamine utilisation in patients with alcohol misuse at the Alice Springs Hospital","volume":"34","author":"Dingwall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2006.03.004","article-title":"Preoperative nutritional status of patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity","volume":"10","author":"Flancbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00708-2","article-title":"Clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies and disorders in the entire United States military population, 1997-2015","volume":"20","author":"Knapik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0181","article-title":"Switching to a fibre-rich and low-fat diet increases colonic folate contents among African Americans","volume":"44","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0070-0","article-title":"The oldest old: red blood cell and plasma folate in African American and white octogenarians and centenarians in Georgia","volume":"15","author":"Hausman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-012-0262-y","article-title":"Naphthalene biomarkers and relationship with hemoglobin and hematocrit in White, Black, and Hispanic adults: results from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"9","author":"Sudakin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2765","article-title":"Disparities in environmental exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and diabetes risk in vulnerable populations","volume":"41","author":"Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.05.002","article-title":"Current state of unhealthy living characteristics in White, African American and Latinx populations","volume":"71","author":"Myers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.44.6.9","article-title":"African-American views of food choices and use of traditional foods","volume":"44","author":"Winham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060539","article-title":"Genetic variants involved in one-carbon metabolism: polymorphism frequencies and differences in homocysteine concentrations in the folic acid fortification era","volume":"9","author":"Steluti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196612222752504","article-title":"Leukopenia in Negroes","volume":"275","author":"Broun","year":"1966","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.63.738.257","article-title":"'Neutropenia' in black west Indians","volume":"63","author":"Zezulka","year":"1987","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1532\/LH96.09005","article-title":"Ethnic and genetic causes of neutropenia: clinical and therapeutic implications","volume":"15","author":"D'Angelo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0093","first-page":"715","article-title":"Heterogeneity of common hematologic parameters among racial, ethnic, and gender subgroups","volume":"114","author":"Saxena","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)61089-1","article-title":"Prevalence of anemia in medical practice: community versus referral patients","volume":"69","author":"An\u00eda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828250ff","article-title":"Sex differences and hemoglobin levels in relation to stroke outcomes","volume":"80","author":"Kimberly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0096","first-page":"91","article-title":"Lifelong differences in hemoglobin levels between Blacks and Whites","volume":"67","author":"Garn","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1532\/LH96.04010","article-title":"Complete blood count reference interval diagrams derived from NHANES III: stratification by age, sex, and race","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lab Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-015-1563-3","article-title":"Correlation of thiamine metabolite levels with cognitive function in the non-demented elderly","volume":"31","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1998.tb139081.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in Australia: has thiamine fortification made a difference?","volume":"168","author":"Harper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-016-0308-x","article-title":"Successful implementation of HIV preexposure prophylaxis: lessons learned from 3 clinical settings","volume":"13","author":"Marcus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2005.19.563","article-title":"Beyond efficacy: the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on quality of life","volume":"19","author":"Sax","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199808010-00015","article-title":"Nutritional status and antiprotease therapy","volume":"18","author":"Delforge","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013616","article-title":"Thiamine status in humans and content of phosphorylated thiamine derivatives in biopsies and cultured cells","volume":"5","author":"Gangolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One."}],"container-title":["Nutrition Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0271531724000459?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0271531724000459?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T10:16:52Z","timestamp":1718187412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0271531724000459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["S0271531724000459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-5317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-5317","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Race explains substantial variance in whole blood thiamine diphosphate concentrations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nutrition Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.03.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}