{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:02:46Z","timestamp":1760266966366},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthopedic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]],"date-time":"2009-04-08T08:41:11Z","timestamp":1239180071000},"page":"223-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bisphosphonates and Osteonecrosis: Potential Treatment or Serious Complication?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Robin N.","family":"Goytia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harpal S.","family":"Khanuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldn017","article-title":"Update on the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis","volume":"86","author":"Cole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib2","unstructured":"Health, IMS. (2006). \u201cNational Prescription Audit Plus\u2122.\u201d"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.03032","article-title":"Bisphosphonates in orthopaedic surgery","volume":"87","author":"Morris","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.4.581","article-title":"Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates inhibit the mevalonate pathway and prevent post-translational prenylation of GTP-binding proteins, including Ras","volume":"13","author":"Luckman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.108.6.2285","article-title":"The small GTP-binding protein, rho p21, is involved in bone resorption by regulating cytoskeletal organization in osteoclasts","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.1.133","article-title":"Alendronate mechanism of action: geranylgeraniol, an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway, prevents inhibition of osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and kinase activation in vitro","volume":"96","author":"Fisher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.9.3109","article-title":"Skeletal benefits of alendronate: 7-year treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic women","volume":"85","author":"Tonino","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07088-2","article-title":"Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group","volume":"348","author":"Black","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040512","article-title":"Change in bone turnover and hip, non-spine, and vertebral fracture in alendronate-treated women: the fracture intervention trial","volume":"19","author":"Bauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030897","article-title":"Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"350","author":"Bone","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.11.1988","article-title":"Two-year results of once-weekly administration of alendronate 70\u00a0mg for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"17","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.3.961","article-title":"Comparative study of alendronate versus etidronate for the treatment of Paget's disease of bone","volume":"81","author":"Siris","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.6.1032","article-title":"Risedronate in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone: an open label, multicenter study","volume":"13","author":"Siris","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493S","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00282-1","article-title":"Tiludronate therapy for Paget's disease of bone","volume":"17","author":"McClung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11128","article-title":"Antitumor effects of bisphosphonates","volume":"97","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.2.558","article-title":"Zoledronic acid is superior to pamidronate in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy: a pooled analysis of two randomized, controlled clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Major","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.8.826","article-title":"Use of alendronate and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women","volume":"168","author":"Heckbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.4.613","article-title":"Suppressed bone turnover by bisphosphonates increases microdamage accumulation and reduces some biomechanical properties in dog rib","volume":"15","author":"Mashiba","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e318172841c","article-title":"Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use","volume":"22","author":"Neviaser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.01041","article-title":"Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head: ten years later","volume":"88","author":"Mont","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"138","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib21","first-page":"284","article-title":"Nicolas Andry award. The biology of osteonecrosis of the human femoral head and its clinical implications: 1. Tissue biology","author":"Glimcher","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670610045650","article-title":"Systemic zoledronate precoating of a bone graft reduces bone resorption during remodeling","volume":"77","author":"T\u00e4gil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.08.008","article-title":"Topical, single dose bisphosphonate treatment reduced bone resorption in a rat model for prosthetic loosening","volume":"22","author":"Astrand","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.11.2016","article-title":"Zoledronic acid treatment results in retention of femoral head structure after traumatic osteonecrosis in young Wistar rats","volume":"18","author":"Little","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib25","first-page":"151","article-title":"Ibandronate decreases femoral head deformity following ischemic necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis in immature pigs","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans Annu Meet Orthop Res Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib26","first-page":"210","article-title":"Drug therapy increases bone density in osteonecrosis of the femoral head in canines","volume":"13","author":"Bowers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Surg Orthop Adv"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh481","article-title":"Efficacy of alendronate, a bisphosphonate, in the treatment of AVN of the hip: a prospective open-label study","volume":"44","author":"Agarwala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02959","article-title":"The use of alendronate to prevent early collapse of the femoral head in patients with nontraumatic osteonecrosis: a randomized clinical study","volume":"87","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000194078.32776.31","article-title":"Does alendronate prevent collapse in osteonecrosis of the femoral head?","volume":"443","author":"Nishii","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00964","article-title":"Intravenous bisphosphonate therapy for traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adolescents","volume":"89","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1148\/119.3.665","article-title":"Osteonecrosis in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and naso- and oropharynx","volume":"119","author":"Bedwinek","year":"1976","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.0707onj","article-title":"Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research","volume":"22","author":"Khosla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00720-1","article-title":"Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic","volume":"61","author":"Marx","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.11.003","article-title":"American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws","volume":"65","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2004.02.004","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: a review of 63 cases","volume":"62","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8580","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.02.8670","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer after treatment with bisphosphonates: incidence and risk factors","volume":"23","author":"Bamias","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(00)00061-2","article-title":"Administration routes and delivery systems of bisphosphonates for the treatment of bone resorption","volume":"42","author":"Ezra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200507073530120","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates","volume":"353","author":"Durie","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01381.x","article-title":"Updates on bisphosphonates and potential pathobiology of bisphosphonate-induced jaw osteonecrosis","volume":"14","author":"Sarin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.10.061","article-title":"Nature and frequency of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws in Australia","volume":"65","author":"Mavrokokki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.07.010","article-title":"Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis\/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment","volume":"63","author":"Marx","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1430","article-title":"Clinical, radiographic, and biochemical characterization of multiple myeloma patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw","volume":"14","author":"Raje","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.2465","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the jaws in multiple myeloma patients: clinical features and risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Badros","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080205","article-title":"Frequency and risk factors associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients treated with intravenous bisphosphonates","volume":"23","author":"Hoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03189.x","article-title":"Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: does it occur in children?","volume":"68","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.11.032","article-title":"Zoledronate, smoking, and obesity are strong risk factors for osteonecrosis of the jaw: a case-control study","volume":"66","author":"Wessel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.01.047","article-title":"Factors associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw among bisphosphonate users","volume":"121","author":"Hess","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.08.003","article-title":"Oral bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis: risk factors, prediction of risk using serum CTX testing, prevention, and treatment","volume":"65","author":"Marx","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdg401","article-title":"The antineoplastic role of bisphosphonates: from basic research to clinical evidence","volume":"14","author":"Santini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000087286","article-title":"Zoledronic-acid-induced circulating level modifications of angiogenic factors, metalloproteinases and proinflammatory cytokines in metastatic breast cancer patients","volume":"69","author":"Ferretti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.09.022","article-title":"Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws: a therapeutic dilemma","volume":"103","author":"Diego","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.07.012","article-title":"Treating bisphosphonate osteonecrosis of the jaws: is there a role for resection and vascularized reconstruction?","volume":"65","author":"Engroff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["Orthopedic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030589808001016?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030589808001016?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T01:39:07Z","timestamp":1633311547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0030589808001016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0030589808001016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.12.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-5898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-5898","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}}}