{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:51:21Z","timestamp":1787061081013,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthopedic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T12:07:38Z","timestamp":1353413258000},"page":"107-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["The Scaphoid"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Rosie","family":"Sendher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Ladd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(03)00077-9","article-title":"The results of treatment of 734 fresh, simple fractures of the scaphoid","volume":"28","author":"Bohler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.05.017","article-title":"Incidence estimates and demographics of scaphoid fracture in the US population","volume":"35","author":"Van Tassel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.03.045","article-title":"The incidence of scaphoid fracture in a military population","volume":"40","author":"Wolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib4","first-page":"988","article-title":"Anthropmetry of the human scaphoid","volume":"32A","author":"Heinzelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.09.014","article-title":"Screw fixation of scaphoid fractures: a biomechanical assessment of screw length and screw augmentation","volume":"31","author":"Dodds","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib6","series-title":"Scaphoid density by CT scan","author":"Bindra","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.10.019","article-title":"The outcomes and complications of 1.2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery pedicled vascularized bone grafting of scaphoid nonunions","volume":"31","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01503","article-title":"Treatment of scaphoid waist nonunions with an avascular proximal pole and carpal collapse. A comparison of two vascularized bone grafts","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.04.026","article-title":"Treatment of scaphoid fractures and nonunions","volume":"33","author":"Kawamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.09.012","article-title":"Osseus and ligamentous scaphoid anatomy: part 1. A systematic literature review highlighting controversies","volume":"36","author":"Buijze","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.12.023","article-title":"The incidence of intrinsic and extrinsic ligament injuries in scaphoid waist fractures","volume":"35","author":"Jorgsholm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.10.009","article-title":"Computed tomography of suspected scaphoid fractures","volume":"32","author":"Adey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01214","article-title":"Surgical compared with conservative treatment for acute nondisplaced or minimally displaced scaphoid fractures, a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"92","author":"Buijze","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.05.035","article-title":"Relationship between the fracture and location and the kinematic pattern in scaphoid nonunion","volume":"33","author":"Moritomo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.9423","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo scaphoid, lunate, and capitate kinematics in flexion and extension","volume":"25A","author":"Wolfe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01523","article-title":"Comparison of CT and MRI for diagnosis of suspected scaphoid fractures","volume":"93","author":"Mallee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.08.033","article-title":"Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment of acute minimally displaced and undisplaced scaphoid waist fractures: pairwise and network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials","volume":"36","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200504000-00002","article-title":"Management of clinical fractures of the scaphoid: results of an audit and literature review","volume":"12","author":"Pillai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.12.028","article-title":"Evidence-based management of acute nondisplaced scaphoid waist fractures","volume":"34","author":"Ram","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00673","article-title":"Nonoperative compared with operative treatment of acute scaphoid fractures, a randomized clinical trial","volume":"90","author":"Vinnars","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B1.19767","article-title":"Percutaneous screw fixation versus conservative treatment for fractures of the waist of the scaphoid: a prospective randomized study","volume":"90","author":"McQueen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200301000-00012","article-title":"Central placement of the screw in simulated fractures of the scaphoid waist: a biomechanical study","volume":"85-A","author":"McCallister","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200005000-00004","article-title":"Displaced scaphoid fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation with a cannulated screw","volume":"82","author":"Trumble","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.10.016","article-title":"Percutaneous screw fixation for scaphoid fracture: a comparison between dorsal and volar approaches","volume":"34","author":"Leon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.10.004","article-title":"Patterns of bone defect in scaphoid non-union: a 3 dimensional and quantitative analysis","volume":"30","author":"Oka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.06.009","article-title":"A\u00a0biomechanical comparison of scaphoid fixation with bone grafting using iliac bone or distal radius bone","volume":"32","author":"Jarrett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.06.016","article-title":"Delays and poor management of scaphoid fractures: factors contributing to nonunion","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(97)80007-X","article-title":"Repeat screw stabilization with bone grafting after a failed Herbert screw fixation for acute scaphoid fracture nonunions","volume":"22","author":"Inoue","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.03.008","article-title":"Interfragmentary motion in patients with scaphoid nonunion","volume":"33","author":"Leventhal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.12.027","article-title":"Resection of the scaphoid distal pole for symptomatic scaphoid nonunion after failed previous surgical treatment","volume":"31","author":"Ruch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200912000-00003","article-title":"Pedicles vascularized bone grafts for scaphoid and lunate reconstruction","volume":"17","author":"Payatakes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib32","article-title":"Distal scaphoid resection for arthritis secondary to scaphoid nonunion: a twenty year experience: level 4 evidence","volume":"36","author":"Vance","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib33","first-page":"982","article-title":"Treatment of ununited fractures of the scaphoid by iliac bone grafts and Kirschner-wire fixation","volume":"70A","author":"Stark","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(91)90017-6","article-title":"A\u00a0new vascularized bone graft for scaphoid nonunion","volume":"16A","author":"Zaidemberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.12.016","article-title":"Vascularized medial femoral condyle graft for thumb metacarpal reconstruction: case report","volume":"34","author":"Sammer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.01.005","article-title":"A\u00a0capsular based vascularized distal radius graft for proximal pole scaphoid pseudarthrosis","volume":"31","author":"Sotereanos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.34372","article-title":"Treatment of scaphoid nonunions: quantitative meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Merrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(91)90018-7","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging to assess vascularity of scaphoid nonunions","volume":"16A","author":"Perlik","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(98)80029-6","article-title":"Scaphoid nonunion with avascular necrosis of the proximal pole: treatment with a vascularized bone graft from the dorsum of the distal radius","volume":"23B","author":"Boyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.2002.0808","article-title":"Scaphoid nonunion (treatment with vascularized bone graft based on the 1,2 \u2013intercompartmental supraretinacular branch of the radial artery)","volume":"27B","author":"Straw","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01729","article-title":"Scaphoid fractures in children and adolescents: contemporary injury patterns and factors influencing time to union","volume":"93","author":"Gholson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199903000-00020","article-title":"Surgical treatment of pediatric scaphoid fracture nonunions","volume":"19","author":"Mintzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib43","first-page":"121","article-title":"Fractures and nonunions of the carpal scaphoid in children","volume":"67","author":"Fabre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000201461.71055.83","article-title":"A\u00a0cost\/utility analysis of open reduction and internal fixation versus cast immobilization for acute non-displaced mid-waist scaphoid fractures","volume":"117","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib45","unstructured":"Vinnars B. Scaphoid fractures: studies on diagnosis and treatment, digital comprehensive summaries of Uppsala dissertations. 2008:11\u201335."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200705000-00009","article-title":"Surgical techniques: scaphoid nonunion","volume":"15","author":"Waitayawinyu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.007435","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of adding magnetic resonance imaging to the usual management of suspected scaphoid fractures","volume":"39","author":"Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Orthopedic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030589812001058?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030589812001058?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,21]],"date-time":"2018-10-21T03:54:14Z","timestamp":1540094054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0030589812001058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0030589812001058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocl.2012.09.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-5898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-5898","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}}}