{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T20:45:42Z","timestamp":1761857142406,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopedic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T01:45:03Z","timestamp":1637113503000},"page":"57-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections of the Hand and Wrist"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"M. Lucius","family":"Pomerantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.04.010","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"39","author":"Chauhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.140.2.151","article-title":"Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections","volume":"140","author":"Anaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib3","first-page":"S19","article-title":"Necrotising fasciitis of upper and lower limb: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Angoules","year":"2007","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpsurg.2014.06.001","article-title":"Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Hakkarainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Probl Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199505000-00013","article-title":"Determinants of mortality for necrotizing soft-tissue infections","volume":"221","author":"McHenry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200308000-00005","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality","volume":"85","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002636","article-title":"Predictors of mortality, limb loss, and discharge disposition at admission among patients with necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"89","author":"Horn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199611000-00011","article-title":"Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Risk factors for mortality and strategies for management","volume":"224","author":"Elliott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-008-3799-2","article-title":"Factors affecting the mortality of necrotizing fasciitis involving the upper extremities","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11751-011-0116-1","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis of the extremities: a prospective study","volume":"6","author":"Espandar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2021.02.004","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis of the upper extremity: a retrospective analysis of 19 cases","volume":"40","author":"Lemsanni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(82)80006-3","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis of the upper extremity","volume":"7","author":"Schecter","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B11.34888","article-title":"Necrotising soft-tissue infections of the upper limb: risk factors for amputation and death","volume":"96-B","author":"Uehara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)30609-X","article-title":"Necrotising fasciitis of the extremities: implementation of new management technologies","volume":"47","author":"Corona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib15","first-page":"397","article-title":"Aggressive surgical management of necrotizing fasciitis serves to decrease mortality: a retrospective study","volume":"64","author":"Bilton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600673","article-title":"Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections","volume":"377","author":"Stevens","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480206800201","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: a fourteen-year retrospective study of 163 consecutive patients","volume":"68","author":"Childers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80139-1","article-title":"Upper extremity infections in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"23","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(96)80029-3","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis of the upper extremity","volume":"21","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-011-9292-5","article-title":"Opioid Drug Abuse and Modulation of Immune Function: Consequences in the Susceptibility to Opportunistic Infections","volume":"6","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B5.0830709","article-title":"Necrotising fasciitis of a limb","volume":"83","author":"Tang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199607000-00006","article-title":"Hand Infections: Treatment Recommendations for Specific Types","volume":"4","author":"Abrams","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-17-00716","article-title":"Necrotizing Infections of the Hand and Wrist: Diagnosis and Treatment Options","volume":"28","author":"Choueka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(00)00318-5","article-title":"A\u00a0simple model to help distinguish necrotizing fasciitis from nonnecrotizing soft tissue infection","volume":"191","author":"Wall","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000129486.35458.7D","article-title":"The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.03.022","article-title":"Role of tissue oxygen saturation monitoring in diagnosing necrotizing fasciitis of the lower limbs","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318270d761","article-title":"The Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score for discernment of necrotizing fasciitis originated from Vibrio vulnificus infections","volume":"73","author":"Chao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0903700416","article-title":"Application of the Laboratory Risk Indicator in Necrotising Fasciitis (LRINEC) score to patients in a tropical tertiary referral centre","volume":"37","author":"Holland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-017-0792-8","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: treatment concepts and clinical results","volume":"44","author":"Leiblein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1311-y","article-title":"Laboratory indicators for early detection and surgical treatment of vibrio necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"468","author":"Tsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2010.50","article-title":"Diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections by computed tomography","volume":"145","author":"Zacharias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-4145-x","article-title":"The Role of Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections","volume":"42","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib33","first-page":"894","article-title":"Development of a computed tomography-based scoring system for necrotizing soft-tissue infections","volume":"70","author":"McGillicuddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101164","article-title":"Can necrotizing infectious fasciitis be differentiated from nonnecrotizing infectious fasciitis with MR imaging?","volume":"259","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.05.027","article-title":"Hand Infections","volume":"44","author":"Koshy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.01.028","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of necrotising fasciitis: a multiparametric approach","volume":"75","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(77)90283-5","article-title":"Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"134","author":"Giuliano","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu296","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections","volume":"31","author":"Bonne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.06.031","article-title":"Necrotizing skin and soft-tissue infections in the intensive care unit","volume":"26","author":"Peetermans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4801.2004.00031.x","article-title":"Topical negative pressure therapy: mechanisms and indications","volume":"1","author":"Banwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib42","first-page":"E55","article-title":"Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for a Giant Wound Secondary to Malignancy-induced Necrotizing Fasciitis: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200411000-00002","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in extremity trauma","volume":"12","author":"Greensmith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004_bib44","first-page":"159","article-title":"Determinants of Mortality in Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections","volume":"92","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hell Cheirourgike"}],"container-title":["Orthopedic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030589821002522?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030589821002522?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T14:48:52Z","timestamp":1758466132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0030589821002522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0030589821002522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-5898"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0030-5898"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections of the Hand and Wrist","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Orthopedic Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocl.2021.09.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}