{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:13:34Z","timestamp":1793304814857,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopedic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T17:14:03Z","timestamp":1745428443000},"page":"67-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Proximal Humerus Fracture"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ian R.","family":"Penvose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Scott","family":"Paxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000312","article-title":"The epidemiology of upper extremity fractures in the United States, 2009","volume":"29","author":"Karl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.03.034","article-title":"Nationwide trends in management of proximal humeral fractures: an analysis of 77,966 cases from 2008 to 2017","volume":"28","author":"McLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-019-03252-1","article-title":"Trends in surgical management of proximal humeral fractures in adults: a nationwide study of records in Germany from 2007 to 2016","volume":"139","author":"Klug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000229","article-title":"Surgical management of complex proximal humerus fractures: a systematic review of 92 studies including 4500 patients","volume":"29","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21563","article-title":"Epidemiology of humerus fractures in the United States: nationwide emergency department sample, 2008","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200701000-00003","article-title":"Innovations in the management of displaced proximal humerus fractures","volume":"15","author":"Nho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.09.008","article-title":"Nondisplaced proximal humeral fractures: high incidence among outpatient-treated osteoporotic fractures and severe impact on upper ex- tremity function and patient subjective health perception","volume":"20","author":"Calvo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib8","unstructured":"Triplet J., D.O., Proximal humerus fractures. Orthobullets, Available at: https:\/\/www.orthobullets.com\/trauma\/1015\/proximal-humerus-fractures (Accessed 15 September 2024), 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274040-00004","article-title":"The normal glenohumeral relationships. An anatomical study of one hundred and forty shoulders","volume":"74","author":"Iannotti","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(05)80022-9","article-title":"Retroversion of the proximal humerus in relationship to prosthetic replacement arthroplasty","volume":"4","author":"Pearl","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib11","series-title":"Netter\u2019s concise orthopaedic anatomy","isbn-type":"print","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9780323429702"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib12","series-title":"Open reduction internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures","author":"DeFroda","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib13","series-title":"Proximal humerus fractures.Norris TROrthopaedic knowledge update: shoulder and elbow 2","first-page":"209","author":"Green","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072100-00009","article-title":"The arterial vascularization of the humeral head. An anatomical study","volume":"72","author":"Gerber","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195638050-00013","article-title":"The arterial supply of the adult humerus","volume":"38-A","author":"Laing","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01144","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the vascularity of the proximal part of the humerus","volume":"92","author":"Hettrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg AM"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4322-x","article-title":"Deltoid tuberosity index: a simple radiographic tool to assess local bone quality in proximal humerus fractures","volume":"473","author":"Spross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.01.034","article-title":"Predictors of humeral head ischemia after intracapsular fracture of the proximal humerus","volume":"13","author":"Hertel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.03.026","article-title":"Initial post-fracture humeral head ischemia does not predict development of necrosis","volume":"17","author":"Bastian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fracture of the upper end of the humerus: discussion based on the follow-up of 302 cases","volume":"32","author":"Einarsson","year":"1958","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib21","series-title":"Classification and closed treatment of proximal humerus fractures.Wirth MARockwood CAProximal Humerus Fractures","author":"Lobo","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(92)90124-B","article-title":"Displaced proximal humeral fractures: results of conservative treatment","volume":"23","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-017-0639-3","article-title":"Current concepts in locking plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures","volume":"12","author":"Laux","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2021.08.006","article-title":"Trending a decade of proximal humerus fracture management in older adults","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000194677.02506.45","article-title":"Proximal humerus fracture rehabilitation","volume":"442","author":"Hodgson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197784161116","article-title":"Physiotherapy after fracture of the proximal end of the humerus. Comparison between two methods","volume":"16","author":"Bertoft","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199702000-00006","article-title":"Functional outcome after minimally displaced fractures of the proximal part of the humerus","volume":"79","author":"Koval","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib28","first-page":"423","article-title":"Orthopaedic challenges in the aging population: trauma treatment and related clinical issues","volume":"46","author":"Koval","year":"1997","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.01139","article-title":"Prediction of nonunion after nonoperative treatment of a proximal humeral fracture","volume":"103","author":"Goudie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib30","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Nonunions of the proximal humerus: their prevalence and functional outcome","volume":"64","author":"Court-Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib31","first-page":"538","article-title":"Proximal humerus and humeral shaft nonunions","volume":"21","author":"Cadet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1629","article-title":"Surgical vs nonsurgical treatment of adults with displaced fractures of the proximal humerus: the PROFHER randomized clinical trial","volume":"313","author":"Rangan","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19240","volume":"19","author":"Handoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2531-0","article-title":"Hemiarthroplasty for humeral four-part fractures for patients 65 years and older: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"470","author":"Boons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31821c2e15","article-title":"Surgical treatment with an angular stable plate for complex displaced proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Fjalestad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.03.009","article-title":"Operative versus nonoperative treatment of proximal humeral fractures: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison of observational studies and randomized controlled trials","volume":"27","author":"Beks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.12.018","article-title":"Internal fixation versus nonoperative treatment of displaced 3-part proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Olerud","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.04.016","article-title":"Hemiarthroplasty versus nonoperative treatment of displaced 4-part proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Olerud","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002559","article-title":"Superior outcomes with reverse shoulder arthroplasty versus nonoperative management for proximal humerus fractures: a matched cohort analysis","volume":"37","author":"Haws","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-024-05467-3","article-title":"Evaluating the association of radiographic parameters of proximal humerus fractures managed conservatively with functional outcomes","volume":"144","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib41","series-title":"Fractures of the proximal humerus.Rockwood Jr CAMFr","first-page":"355","author":"Blaine","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.01.021","article-title":"Initial varus displacement of proximal humerus fractures results in similar function but higher complication rates","volume":"47","author":"Capriccioso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2016.09.011","article-title":"Postoperative outcomes of initial varus versus initial valgus proximal humerus fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Chandrappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.02.017","article-title":"Complications after surgical treatment of proximal humerus fractures in the elderly-an analysis of complication patterns and risk factors for reverse shoulder arthroplasty and angular-stable plating","volume":"28","author":"Klug","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.19.00595","article-title":"Complications and long-term outcomes of open reduction and plate fixation of proximal humeral fractures","volume":"101","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2012.11.006","article-title":"Malunion of the proximal humerus","volume":"99","author":"Duparc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2008.06.002","article-title":"Management of proximal humeral nonunions and malunions","volume":"39","author":"Cheung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000252","article-title":"Factors that influence reduction loss in proximal humerus fracture surgery","volume":"29","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12564","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of Proximal Humeral Internal Locking System (PHILOS) alone and PHILOS combined with fibular allograft in the treatment of neer three- or four-part proximal humerus fractures in the elderly","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200011000-00005","article-title":"Displaced three- and four-part proximal humerus fractures: evaluation and management","volume":"8","author":"Naranja","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib51","first-page":"403","article-title":"Nonprosthetic management of proximal humeral fractures","volume":"53","author":"Iannotti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-13-00190","article-title":"Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for the management of proximal humerus fractures","volume":"23","author":"Jobin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11574","article-title":"Reverse shoulder arthroplasty vs. hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis update","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.08.021","article-title":"Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for treatment of proximal humeral fractures in older adults: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Mata-Fink","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.19.01071","article-title":"Reverse shoulder arthroplasty is superior to plate fixation at 2 years for displaced proximal humeral fractures in the elderly: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Fraser","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01371","article-title":"Intermediate outcomes following percutaneous fixation of proximal humeral fractures","volume":"94","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.09.005","article-title":"Pitfalls and complications with locking plate for proximal humerus fracture","volume":"19","author":"Clavert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib58","first-page":"407","article-title":"Outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures managed with locking plates","volume":"41","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib59","unstructured":"Paxton ES, Penvose IR: Intramedullary Nailing. Rockwood & Matsen\u2019s The Shoulder, 7e. 2025. Pending Final Print."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib60","first-page":"330","article-title":"Classification and apsects of treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus.Bateman JEWelsh RPSurgery of the Shoulder","author":"Jakob","year":"1984","journal-title":"MosbySt. Louis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.75B1.8421010","article-title":"Vascularity of the humeral head after proximal humeral fractures. An anatomical cadaver study","volume":"75","author":"Brooks","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B2.2005159","article-title":"Four-part valgus impacted fractures of the proximal humerus","volume":"73","author":"Jakob","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(05)80071-1","article-title":"Reconstruction of the valgus-impacted humeral head fracture","volume":"4","author":"Resch","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.79B2.0790295","article-title":"Percutaneous fixation of three- and four-part fractures of the proximal humerus","volume":"79","author":"Resch","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200309000-00001","article-title":"Severely impacted valgus proximal humeral fractures. Results of operative treatment","volume":"85","author":"Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SA25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(01)00058-4","article-title":"Minimally invasive reduction and osteosynthesis of articular fractures of the humeral head","volume":"32","author":"Resch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2024.12.005","article-title":"Consensus statement on the treatment of proximal humerus fractures: a Delphi approach by the neer Circle of the American shoulder and elbow surgeons","author":"Williams","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E112","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.007822","article-title":"Position statement: management of proximal humerus fractures","volume":"67","author":"Lapner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.11.016","article-title":"Factors influencing surgical management of proximal humerus fractures: do shoulder and trauma surgeons differ?","volume":"31","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.06.026","article-title":"Operative treatment of 2-part surgical neck type fractures of the proximal humerus in the elderly: cement augmented locking plate PHILOSTM vs. proximal humerus nail multiloc\u00ae","volume":"51","author":"Helfen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00155","article-title":"et alLocking intramedullary nails and locking plates in the treatment of two-part proximal humeral surgical neck fractures: a prospective randomized trial with a minimum of three years of follow-up","volume":"93","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-021-05217-9","article-title":"et alDisplaced three and four part proximal humeral fractures: prospective controlled randomized open-label two-arm study comparing intramedullary nailing and locking plate","volume":"45","author":"Boyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00112","article-title":"Quality of reduction influences outcome after locked-plate fixation of proximal humeral type-c fractures","volume":"98","author":"Schnetzke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.06.008","article-title":"Locking plate fixation of fractures of the proximal humerus: analysis of complications, revision strategies and outcome","volume":"22","author":"Jost","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.10.037","article-title":"Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty provides better shoulder function than hemiarthroplasty for displaced 3- and 4-part proximal humeral fractures in patients aged 70 years or older: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Jonsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001978","article-title":"Reverse or hemi shoulder arthroplasty in proximal humerus fractures: a single-blinded prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Laas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.06.035","article-title":"Reverse shoulder arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for acute proximal humeral fractures. A blinded, randomized, controlled, prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Sebasti\u00e1-Forcada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.03.006","article-title":"Functional outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty compared with hemiarthroplasty for acute proximal humeral fractures","volume":"22","author":"Boyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-016-9316-0","article-title":"Expanding roles for reverse shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"9","author":"Chalmers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"7S","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.10.012","article-title":"Acute surgical management of proximal humerus fractures: ORIF vs. hemiarthroplasty vs. reverse shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"29","author":"Yahuaca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1340","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20120822-19","article-title":"Internal fixation versus shoulder hemiarthroplasty for displaced 4-part proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients","volume":"35","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2023.03.006","article-title":"Outcomes of acute vs. delayed reverse shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fractures in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.02.012","article-title":"Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humeral fractures: outcomes comparing primary reverse arthroplasty for fracture versus reverse arthroplasty after failed osteosynthesis","volume":"25","author":"Shannon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002_bib84","article-title":"Outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fracture versus rotator cuff arthropathy","volume":"7","author":"Maier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev"}],"container-title":["Orthopedic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030589825000355?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030589825000355?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T02:40:01Z","timestamp":1763606401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0030589825000355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0030589825000355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-5898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-5898","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Proximal Humerus Fracture","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Orthopedic Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocl.2025.03.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}