{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:53:51Z","timestamp":1782356031371,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T08:40:06Z","timestamp":1701247206000},"page":"193-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Substance Use in Pregnancy and Its Impact on Communities of Color"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Leah","family":"Habersham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney D.","family":"Townsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.17045","article-title":"US trends in drug overdose mortality among pregnant and postpartum persons 2017-2020","volume":"328","author":"Bruzelius","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib2","unstructured":"Sacco LN, Congressional Research Service. Drug enforcement in the United States: history, policy, and trends. Available at: https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/misc\/R43749.pdf. Accessed July 31, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib3","unstructured":"SixtyThird Congress of the United States. Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, 1914. Available at: https:\/\/www.naabt.org\/documents\/Harrison_Narcotics_Tax_Act_1914.pdf. Accessed July 31, 2023."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20201008-01","article-title":"Systemic Racism and Substance Use Disorders","volume":"50","author":"Farahmand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib5","unstructured":"The American Presidency Project. Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control. Available at: https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/node\/240245. Accessed July 31, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-3-6","article-title":"The war on marijuana: the transformation of the war on drugs in the 1990s","volume":"3","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib7","series-title":"Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear","author":"Sabol","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2021.1905616","article-title":"Dismantling the legacy of failed policy approaches to pregnant people's use of alcohol and drugs","volume":"33","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2018.1549389","article-title":"Obstetric Racism: The Racial Politics of Pregnancy, Labor, and Birthing","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The prevention and elimination of disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth. Available at: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/134588\/WHO_RHR_14.23_eng.pdf. Accessed August 11, 2023."},{"issue":"10256","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32032-8","article-title":"Reckoning with histories of medical racism and violence in the USA","volume":"396","author":"Nuriddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: Final Data for 2015","volume":"66","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyert DL. Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021. Available at: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/124678. Accessed August 11, 2023.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:124678"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000349","article-title":"Voices of Women With Lived Experience of Substance Use During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study of Motivators and Barriers to Recruitment and Retention in Research","volume":"46","author":"Hilliard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fam Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.022","volume":"221","author":"Ecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib16","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Final Analytic File Codebook. Available at: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-09\/NSDUHAnalyticCodebookRDC2019.pdf. Accessed May 11, 2023."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.07.017","article-title":"Screening and Management of Substance Use in Pregnancy: A Review","volume":"39","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib18","first-page":"38","article-title":"A\u00a0Practical Guide to Urine Drug Monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Raouf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fed Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002235","article-title":"Opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy","volume":"130","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199004263221706","article-title":"The prevalence of illicit-drug or alcohol use during pregnancy and discrepancies in mandatory reporting in Pinellas County, Florida","volume":"322","author":"Chasnoff","year":"1990","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.10.004","article-title":"Universal maternal drug testing in a high-prevalence region of prescription opiate abuse","volume":"166","author":"Wexelblatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12426","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of common practices for identifying substance use during pregnancy in obstetric clinics","volume":"46","author":"Klawans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04677-0","article-title":"Validity of self-report measures of cannabis use compared to biological samples among women of reproductive age: a scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Skelton","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31820a6216","article-title":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. AGOG Committee Opinion No. 473: substance abuse reporting and pregnancy: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist","volume":"117","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib25","series-title":"The Pot Book: a complete Guide to cannabis","article-title":"Recent history","author":"Malmo-Levine","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib26","first-page":"180","article-title":"Medicinal cannabis: history, pharmacology, and implications for the acute care setting","volume":"42","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"P\u00a0& T."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750200005002","article-title":"The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937","volume":"26","author":"Musto","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib28","unstructured":"Adams C, CBS News. The man behind the marijuana ban for all the wrong reasons. Available at: https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/harry-anslinger-the-man-behind-the-marijuana-ban\/. Accessed August 11, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib29","unstructured":"PBS Frontline. Marijuana Timeline. Available at: https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/shows\/dope\/etc\/cron.html. Accessed August 11, 2023."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib30","first-page":"789","article-title":"Marijuana legalization, racial disparity, and the hope for reform","volume":"23","author":"Vitiello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lewis & Clark Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib31","series-title":"Race and the Black male Subculture: the Lives of Toby Waller","article-title":"The racial politics of marijuana","author":"Houston","year":"2016"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197331","article-title":"Incarceration exposure and barriers to prenatal care in the United States: findings from the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system","volume":"17","author":"Testa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549221081808","article-title":"Recent incarceration exposure among parents of live-born infants and maternal and child health","volume":"138","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03168-6","article-title":"Paternal jail incarceration and birth outcomes: evidence from New York City, 2010-2016","volume":"25","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib35","series-title":"Marijuana: A short history","author":"Hudak","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib36","unstructured":"Bort R, Garber-Paul E, Ward A, et\u00a0al. The United States of Weed. Available at: https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/feature\/cannabis-legalization-states-map-831885\/. Accessed August 11, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib37","unstructured":"Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. Drug Fact Sheet: Marijuana\/Cannabis. Available at: https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/Marijuana-Cannabis-2020_0.pdf. Accessed August 11, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109911","article-title":"A\u00a0tale of two cities: Racialized arrests following decriminalization and recreational legalization of cannabis","volume":"249","author":"Joshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114672","article-title":"Cannabis decriminalization and racial disparity in arrests for cannabis possession","volume":"293","author":"Gunadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1858279","article-title":"Attitudes about marijuana use, potential risks, and legalization: a single-center survey of pregnant women","volume":"35","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib41","first-page":"211","article-title":"Pregnant Women's Current and Intended Cannabis Use in Relation to Their Views Toward Legalization and Knowledge of Potential Harm","volume":"11","author":"Mark","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e205","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002354","article-title":"Committee Opinion No. 722: Marijuana Use During Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"130","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932a2","article-title":"Characteristics of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy - Eight States, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2017","volume":"69","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210138","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0138","article-title":"Association of Recreational Cannabis Legalization With Maternal Cannabis Use in the Preconception, Prenatal, and Postpartum Periods","volume":"4","author":"Skelton","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib45","first-page":"e225","article-title":"Maternal Cannabis Use in the Perinatal Period: Data From the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Marijuana Supplement, 2016-2018","volume":"16","author":"Sood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042620921368","article-title":"Psychosocial Determinants to Prenatal Marijuana Use Among a National Sample of Pregnant Females: 2015\u20132018","volume":"50","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103749","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1103749","article-title":"The impact of timing of in utero marijuana exposure on fetal growth","volume":"11","author":"Dodge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib48","first-page":"e192","article-title":"Impact of Prenatal Cannabis Use Disorder on Perinatal Outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Prewitt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.025","article-title":"Marijuana use in pregnancy and lactation: a review of the evidence","volume":"213","author":"Metz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(03)00068-8","article-title":"Substance use disorders in women: special considerations during pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Bolnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aco.0000169241.21680.0b","article-title":"Anesthetic management of the illicit-substance-using patient","volume":"18","author":"Hernandez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030909","article-title":"Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the US and Maternal Use during the Preconception, Prenatal, and Postpartum Periods","volume":"17","author":"Skelton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.040","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum care and contraception in California's Medicaid program","volume":"217","author":"Thiel de Bocanegra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2428-y","article-title":"Maternal Sociodemographic Characteristics, Experiences and Health Behaviors Associated with Postpartum Care Utilization: Evidence from Maryland PRAMS Dataset, 2012-2013","volume":"22","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001977","article-title":"Using a Patient Navigator to Improve Postpartum Care in an Urban Women's Health Clinic","volume":"129","author":"Yee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib56","series-title":"Guidelines for perinatal care","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2017"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6834a3","article-title":"Racial Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration Among U.S. Infants Born in 2015","volume":"68","author":"Beauregard","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004834","article-title":"Racial Inequities in Breastfeeding Counseling Among Pregnant People Who Use Cannabis","volume":"140","author":"Nidey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.45653","article-title":"Birth Outcomes of Neonates Exposed to Marijuana in Utero: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Marchand","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib60","article-title":"Cannabis Use in Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Lo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxac079","article-title":"Prenatal cannabis use and its impact on offspring neuro-behavioural outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib62","series-title":"Diversity issues in substance abuse treatment and research","author":"Loue","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib63","series-title":"The history and future of Technology: can Technology Save Humanity from Extinction?","first-page":"223","article-title":"Anesthesia, Surgery, and Modern Medicine","author":"Ayres","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib64","series-title":"Cocaine: from medical Marvel to modern Menace in the United States, 1884\u20131920","author":"Spillane","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib65","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. What is the scope of cocaine use in the United States? Available at: https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/cocaine\/what-scope-cocaine-use-in-united-states. Accessed May 8, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib66","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. How is cocaine used? Available at: https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/cocaine\/how-cocaine-used. Accessed May 8, 2023."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4833-2","article-title":"Maternal, fetal and neonatal consequences associated with the use of crack cocaine during the gestational period: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"298","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-010-0138-2","article-title":"Treatment of cocaine abuse during pregnancy: translating research to clinical practice","volume":"12","author":"Hull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/10550881003684491","article-title":"Women and drug addiction: a historical perspective","volume":"29","author":"Kandall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib70","unstructured":"Gannon M, Population Health Matters (formerly Health Policy Newsletter). MATER: Innovative Programs for Maternal Addiction Education Treatment and Research. Available at: https:\/\/jdc.jefferson.edu\/hpn\/vol29\/iss3\/5\/. Accessed May 11, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595211070248","article-title":"Inequities in Child Protective Services Contact Between Black and White Children","volume":"28","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.32314","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Drug Overdose Deaths in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01397-1","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Status and Community Functioning Among Persons with Untreated Mental Illness","volume":"10","author":"Snowden","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib74","unstructured":"Glenn JE. The Birth of the Crack Baby and the History that \u201cMyths\u201d Make. Available at: https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/pdf\/a46a9edbcd4e1d1675aa585cd8ec00aa05ba8066. Accessed May 11, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib75","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding the Opioid Epidemic. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/opioids\/basics\/epidemic.html. Accessed August 11, 2023."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198001103020221","article-title":"Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics","volume":"302","author":"Porter","year":"1980","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib77","unstructured":"Meier B, New York Times. In guilty plea, OxyContin maker to pay $600 million. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/05\/10\/business\/11drug-web.html. Accessed August 11, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108588","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in prescription opioid misuse and heroin use among a national sample, 1999-2018","volume":"221","author":"Schuler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2212412","article-title":"Racial Inequality in Receipt of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder","volume":"388","author":"Barnett","year":"2023","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e205734","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.5734","article-title":"Assessment of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Medication to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Among Pregnant Women in Massachusetts","volume":"3","author":"Schiff","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib81","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC WONDER - Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research. Available at: http:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov. Accessed August 11, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib82","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Opioid Use During Pregnancy. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pregnancy\/opioids\/basics.html. Accessed August 11, 2023."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002734","article-title":"Fatal and Nonfatal Overdose Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in Massachusetts","volume":"132","author":"Schiff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182a6643c","article-title":"Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects","volume":"122","author":"Yazdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214470","article-title":"Eat, Sleep, Console Approach or Usual Care for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal","volume":"388","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib86","article-title":"Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate-dependent pregnant women","volume":"12","author":"Minozzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00062-0","article-title":"Use of buprenorphine in pregnancy: patient management and effects on the neonate","volume":"70","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.12005.x","article-title":"Buprenorphine\u00a0+ naloxone in the treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy-initial patient care and outcome data","volume":"22","author":"Debelak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.07.037","article-title":"Use of naltrexone in treating opioid use disorder in pregnancy","volume":"222","author":"Towers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004_bib90","unstructured":"Canzater SL, O'Neill Institute for National & Global Health Law. A Thoughtful Comparison of the Government\u2019s Response to Crack Epidemic of the 1980s vs. the current Opioid Epidemic: A look at criminalization, race, and treatment. Available at: https:\/\/oneill.law.georgetown.edu\/a-thoughtful-comparison-of-the-governments-response-to-crack-epidemic-of-the-1980s-vs-the-current-opioid-epidemic-a-look-at-criminalization-race-and-treatment\/. Accessed August 11, 2023."}],"container-title":["Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889854523001146?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889854523001146?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:28:16Z","timestamp":1760178496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889854523001146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889854523001146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8545"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8545","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Substance Use in Pregnancy and Its Impact on Communities of Color","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.10.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}