{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:11:30Z","timestamp":1789074690930,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/X031276\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X031276\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R00529X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R00529X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/W006774\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W006774\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["hardware-x.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HardwareX"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:28:36Z","timestamp":1780676916000},"page":"e00802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Open Diagnostic Reader (ODR): An affordable, modular 3D-printed platform for standardized imaging and quantitative analysis of rapid diagnostic tests"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8348-8659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliott","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Taufiqur","family":"Rahman Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraful Islam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Taufiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyash","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imrul Kayes","family":"Nabil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Naiem","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahira Ahmed","family":"Rashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moidul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonmoy Chandro","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawkat Osman","family":"Shishir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubasshir","family":"Washif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Rofiqur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imtiaz","family":"Mahamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Shahmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taufiq","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"McKendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Azman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-022-00007-3","article-title":"Lateral flow test engineering and lessons learned from COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"Budd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0295-3","article-title":"REASSURED diagnostics to inform disease control strategies, strengthen health systems and improve patient outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Land","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0015","unstructured":"WHO, Global deployment of rapid diagnostic tests to boost fight against cholera. 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0020","unstructured":"WHO. The ACT-accelerator: Two years of impact. Accessed: 29th April 2026. 2022; Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/the-act-accelerator--two-years-of-impact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0025","unstructured":"E.I. Consortium, HIV rapid diagnostic test market landscape. 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.03.029","article-title":"Will patients \u201copt in\u201d to perform their own rapid HIV test in the emergency department?","volume":"58","author":"Gaydos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01384-9","article-title":"Deep learning of HIV field-based rapid tests","volume":"27","author":"Turb\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s44247-025-00197-x","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven rapid diagnostic test interpretation in a connected diagnostics (ConnDx) system for dynamic malaria surveillance","volume":"3","author":"Bahati","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Digital Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05459-7","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of the recording and reporting of malaria rapid diagnostic test results in four African countries: methods and key results","volume":"24","author":"Lindblade","year":"2025","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-160","article-title":"Improving community health worker use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Zambia: package instructions, job aid and job aid-plus-training","volume":"7","author":"Harvey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s44247-025-00190-4","article-title":"Malaria RDT (mRDT) interpretation accuracy by frontline health workers compared to AI in Kano state, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Frade","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Digital Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-014-0535-9","article-title":"SMS photograph-based external quality assessment of reading and interpretation of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"14","author":"Mukadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00146-z","article-title":"Machine learning to support visual auditing of home-based lateral flow immunoassay self-test results for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11050768","article-title":"Malaria rapid diagnostic tests: literary review and recommendation for a quality assurance, quality control algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0075","unstructured":"WHO. WHO information notice for users of malaria IVDs 2025\/1. 2025 31 March 2025 2025\/01]; Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/31-03-2025-who-information-notice-for-users-of-malaria-ivds-2025-1."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05595-0","article-title":"Are malaria rapid diagnostic test results stable over time to support verification of surveillance data?","volume":"24","author":"Ngufor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267516","article-title":"Analytical performance of 17 commercially available point-of-care tests for CRP to support patient management at lower levels of the health system","volume":"18","author":"Calarco","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.A. McKendry, et al., Invest in antimicrobial test-to-treat strategies. nature, 2024. 633: p. 525-525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-024-03022-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-03022-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58527-6","article-title":"Machine learning in point-of-care testing: innovations, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00312-x","article-title":"Rapidly adaptable automated interpretation of point-of-care COVID-19 diagnostics","volume":"3","author":"Arumugam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Rogers, et al., Synthetic data for equitable artificial intelligence in rapid diagnostic test interpretation. medRxiv, 2025: p. 2025.02.25.25322677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.02.25.25322677.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.25.25322677"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synthetic data in biomedicine via generative artificial intelligence","author":"van Breugel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"issue":"7745","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0956-2","article-title":"Taking connected mobile-health diagnostics of infectious diseases to the field","volume":"566","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.51594\/ijarss.v6i7.1332","article-title":"Revolutionizing infectious disease management in low-resource settings: the impact of rapid diagnostic technologies and portable devices","volume":"6","author":"Olatunji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Res. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.289728","article-title":"Target product profile for readers of rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"101","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2356-8","article-title":"The role of the Deki Reader\u2122 in malaria diagnosis, treatment and reporting: findings from an Africare pilot project in Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Adah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0135","unstructured":"S. Services, SmartTester - POCT Rapid Test Reader. Available from: https:\/\/www.sterilab.co.uk\/poct-rapid-test-system\/smarttester."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40235a","article-title":"Integrated rapid-diagnostic-test reader platform on a cellphone","volume":"12","author":"Mudanyali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0145","article-title":"A novel automatic rapid diagnostic test reader platform","volume":"2016","author":"Ozkan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1021\/nn500614k","article-title":"Immunochromatographic diagnostic test analysis using Google Glass","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0155","unstructured":"(MSF), M.S.F. Mobile scanner holder (laboratory). 2024; Available from: https:\/\/www.printables.com\/model\/1009496-mobile-scanner-holder-laboratory\/files."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Rapoud, et al. Antibiogo as an innovative solution to detect antimicrobial resistance: from an operational need to a CE-marked diagnostic test available for low-income and middle-income countries. in MSF Scientific Day International 2024. 2024.","DOI":"10.57740\/2acXDPpuix"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Rogers, Q. Zhen, Md.T.R. Bhuiyan, A.I. Khan, Md.T.Islam, P. Bhattacharjee, I.K. Nabil, Md.N. Hossain, T.A. Rashmi, M. Hasan, T.C. Saha, S.O. Shishir, M. Washif, Md.R. Rahman, M.H. Shahmanesh, H. Taufiq, S. Hegde, F. Qadri, R.A. McKendry, A. Azman, Open Diagnostic Reader (ODR): An affordable, modular 3D-printed platform for standardized imaging and quantitative analysis of rapid diagnostic tests. 2026. https:\/\/data.mendeley.com\/datasets\/gbzyrc9jmm\/2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802_b0170","unstructured":"Samsung. Samsung Galaxy A12 product details. 2020. Accessed: 29th April 2026. Available from: https:\/\/www.samsung.com\/hk_en\/news\/product\/entry-level-smartphone-galaxy-a12\/."}],"container-title":["HardwareX"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468067226000623?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468067226000623?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:53:54Z","timestamp":1789073634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2468067226000623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S2468067226000623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802","relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-0672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-0672","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Open Diagnostic Reader (ODR): An affordable, modular 3D-printed platform for standardized imaging and quantitative analysis of rapid diagnostic tests","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"HardwareX","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ohx.2026.e00802","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e00802"}}