{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T01:25:41Z","timestamp":1794273941091,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Government of Singapore Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["021619-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021619-00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-001269-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001269-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016193","name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001350","name":"Government of Singapore Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PREPARE-OC-VT-2024-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREPARE-OC-VT-2024-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030677","name":"National Health Innovation Centre Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LKCMed- NHIC ET1-2023-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LKCMed- NHIC ET1-2023-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T23:48:42Z","timestamp":1779752922000},"page":"102967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A self-amplifying RNA vector based on rubella virus for mRNA therapeutics and vaccine applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Cheok Yien","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cao Dai","family":"Phung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaw Bia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh T.N.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7637-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dahai","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16866","article-title":"COVID-19 and mRNA Vaccines-First Large Test for a New Approach","volume":"324","author":"Abbasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2622-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness","volume":"586","author":"Corbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03275-y","article-title":"BNT162b vaccines protect rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2","volume":"592","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib4","article-title":"Complete substitution with modified nucleotides suppresses the early interferon response and increases the potency of self-amplifying RNA","author":"McGee","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib5","article-title":"An Update on Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccine Development","volume":"9","author":"Blakney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.060","article-title":"The advent of clinical self-amplifying RNA vaccines","volume":"33","author":"Casmil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.11.017","article-title":"Self-Amplifying RNA Vaccines Give Equivalent Protection against Influenza to mRNA Vaccines but at Much Lower Doses","volume":"26","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.12.008","article-title":"The role of nanoparticle format and route of administration on self-amplifying mRNA vaccine potency","volume":"342","author":"Anderluzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.11.011","article-title":"Innate Inhibiting Proteins Enhance Expression and Immunogenicity of Self-Amplifying RNA","volume":"29","author":"Blakney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-03859-w","article-title":"Self-copying RNA vaccine wins first full approval: what's next?","volume":"624","author":"Dolgin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib11","article-title":"Self-Amplifying RNA: A Second Revolution of mRNA Vaccines against COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Silva-Pilipich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.06.008","article-title":"Immunogenicity of stabilized HIV-1 Env trimers delivered by self-amplifying mRNA","volume":"25","author":"Aldon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101262","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a self-amplifying RNA vaccine against COVID-19: COVAC1, a phase I, dose-ranging trial","volume":"44","author":"Pollock","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1291-1356","article-title":"A new generation of animal cell expression vectors based on the Semliki Forest virus replicon","volume":"9","author":"Liljestr\u00f6m","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2922607","article-title":"Sindbis virus: an efficient, broad host range vector for gene expression in animal cells","volume":"243","author":"Xiong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn3464","article-title":"Single immunizations of self-amplifying or non-replicating mRNA-LNP vaccines control HPV-associated tumors in mice","volume":"15","author":"Ramos da Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040566","article-title":"Self-Amplifying RNA: Advantages and Challenges of a Versatile Platform for Vaccine Development","volume":"17","author":"Vallet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.04.014","article-title":"A dual-antigen self-amplifying RNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces potent humoral and cellular immune responses and protects against SARS-CoV-2 variants through T cell-mediated immunity","volume":"30","author":"McCafferty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215031","article-title":"Delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines in in vitro reconstituted virus-like particles","volume":"14","author":"Biddlecome","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060920","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105494","article-title":"Targeting the alphavirus virus replication process for antiviral development","volume":"210","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04306-w","article-title":"Changes to virus taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2019)","volume":"164","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2812-9","article-title":"Relatives of rubella virus in diverse mammals","volume":"586","author":"Bennett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7280.183","article-title":"MMR vaccine: the continuing saga","volume":"322","author":"Elliman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0939","article-title":"Mutations in the GDD motif of rubella virus putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase affect virus replication","volume":"285","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.10.004","article-title":"Composition bias and genome polarity of RNA viruses","volume":"109","author":"Auewarakul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.04.019","article-title":"Rubella virus capsid protein modulation of viral genomic and subgenomic RNA synthesis","volume":"337","author":"Tzeng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90615-0","article-title":"Generation of defective-interfering particles by rubella virus in Vero cells","volume":"164","author":"Frey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(95)80036-0","article-title":"Characterization of defective-interfering RNAs of rubella virus generated during serial undiluted passage","volume":"206","author":"Derdeyn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W471","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt290","article-title":"RNAstructure: Web servers for RNA secondary structure prediction and analysis","volume":"41","author":"Bellaousov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01167-x","article-title":"Maximizing transcription of nucleic acids with efficient T7 promoters","volume":"3","author":"Conrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7511","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw551","article-title":"mRNA capping: biological functions and applications","volume":"44","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202200104","article-title":"Sequestering the 5'-cap for viral RNA packaging","volume":"44","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2023.11.011","article-title":"Targeting cap1 RNA methyltransferases as an antiviral strategy","volume":"31","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111133","article-title":"Molecular basis of specific viral RNA recognition and 5'-end capping by the Chikungunya virus nsP1","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.06.015","article-title":"A Conserved Histidine in the RNA Sensor RIG-I Controls Immune Tolerance to N1-2'O-Methylated Self RNA","volume":"43","author":"Schuberth-Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12187","article-title":"Robust delivery of RIG-I agonists using extracellular vesicles for anti-cancer immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.07.001","article-title":"Circular RNAs: A Novel Class of Functional RNA Molecules with a Therapeutic Perspective","volume":"27","author":"Santer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.02.015","article-title":"RNA Circularization Diminishes Immunogenicity and Can Extend Translation Duration In Vivo","volume":"74","author":"Wesselhoeft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2022.04.002","article-title":"A novel cancer vaccine for melanoma based on an approved vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella","volume":"25","author":"Fusciello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54289-9","article-title":"A self-amplifying RNA RSV prefusion-F vaccine elicits potent immunity in pre-exposed and na\u00efve non-human primates","volume":"15","author":"Vijayan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib43","article-title":"Cap 1 Messenger RNA Synthesis with Co-transcriptional CleanCap((R)) Analog by In Vitro Transcription","volume":"1","author":"Henderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib44","article-title":"An Update on mRNA-Based Viral Vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Jeeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102250","article-title":"Crystal structure of the Rubella virus protease reveals a unique papain-like protease fold","volume":"298","author":"Cheong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6457","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06132-11","article-title":"Determinants in the Maturation of Rubella Virus P200 Replicase Polyprotein Precursor","volume":"86","author":"Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.1.61-75.2004","article-title":"Selection of functional 5' cis-acting elements promoting efficient sindbis virus genome replication","volume":"78","author":"Gorchakov","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1017\/S135583820101010X","article-title":"Cis-acting RNA elements at the 5' end of Sindbis virus genome RNA regulate minus- and plus-strand RNA synthesis","volume":"7","author":"Frolov","year":"2001","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9296","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz640","article-title":"Structural and phenotypic analysis of Chikungunya virus RNA replication elements","volume":"47","author":"Kendall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11670","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01560-13","article-title":"Global RNA structure analysis of poliovirus identifies a conserved RNA structure involved in viral replication and infectivity","volume":"87","author":"Burrill","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9687","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00738-06","article-title":"Reduction of the rate of poliovirus protein synthesis through large-scale codon deoptimization causes attenuation of viral virulence by lowering specific infectivity","volume":"80","author":"Mueller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00900-24","article-title":"Requirement of the N-terminal region of nonstructural protein 1 in cis for SARS-CoV-2 defective RNA replication","volume":"98","author":"Terasaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1088","article-title":"Rubella virus DI RNAs and replicons: requirement for nonstructural proteins acting in cis for amplification by helper virus","volume":"289","author":"Tzeng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9502","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.17.9502-9510.2003","article-title":"Complementation of a deletion in the rubella virus p150 nonstructural protein by the viral capsid protein","volume":"77","author":"Tzeng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02411-08","article-title":"Functional replacement of a domain in the rubella virus p150 replicase protein by the virus capsid protein","volume":"83","author":"Tzeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3966","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.8.3966-3974.2006","article-title":"Analysis of rubella virus capsid protein-mediated enhancement of replicon replication and mutant rescue","volume":"80","author":"Tzeng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316681110","article-title":"Rubella virus capsid protein structure and its role in virus assembly and infection","volume":"110","author":"Mangala Prasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001291","article-title":"The Rubella virus capsid is an anti-apoptotic protein that attenuates the pore-forming ability of Bax","volume":"7","author":"Ilkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.018","article-title":"The role of the 3\u2032 terminus of the Sindbis virus genome in minus-strand initiation site selection","volume":"345","author":"Hardy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.01.016","article-title":"The 5\u2032 and 3\u2032 ends of alphavirus RNAs \u2013 Non-coding is not non-functional","volume":"206","author":"Hyde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.3386-3403.1999","article-title":"Mutagenic analysis of the 3' cis-acting elements of the rubella virus genome","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.4.1465-1476.1990","article-title":"Mutagenesis of the 3' nontranslated region of Sindbis virus RNA","volume":"64","author":"Kuhn","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8868","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.11.8868-8874.1997","article-title":"Replication-competent picornaviruses with complete genomic RNA 3' noncoding region deletions","volume":"71","author":"Todd","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9799","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179799","article-title":"Rubella Virus Triggers Type I Interferon Antiviral Response in Cultured Human Neural Cells: Involvement in the Control of Viral Gene Expression and Infectious Progeny Production","volume":"23","author":"Sakuragi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.58.3.491-562.1994","article-title":"The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution","volume":"58","author":"Strauss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60328-0","article-title":"Molecular biology of rubella virus","volume":"44","author":"Frey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010777","article-title":"Optimisation of Bioluminescent Reporters for Use with Mycobacteria","volume":"5","author":"Andreu","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-012-9519-6","article-title":"Secreted luciferase for in vivo evaluation of systemic protein delivery in mice","volume":"53","author":"El-Amouri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097695","article-title":"Influenza A virus encoding secreted Gaussia luciferase as useful tool to analyze viral replication and its inhibition by antiviral compounds and cellular proteins","volume":"9","author":"Eckert","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1233113","article-title":"A luminescence-based method to assess antigen presentation and antigen-specific T cell responses for in vitro screening of immunomodulatory checkpoints and therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"\u00c1lvarez Freile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00152-18","article-title":"A Chikungunya Virus trans-Replicase System Reveals the Importance of Delayed Nonstructural Polyprotein Processing for Efficient Replication Complex Formation in Mosquito Cells","volume":"92","author":"Bartholomeeusen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04791-8","article-title":"Efficient RNA drug delivery using red blood cell extracellular vesicles","volume":"9","author":"Usman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2162253126001381?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2162253126001381?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T01:17:21Z","timestamp":1794273441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2162253126001381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2162253126001381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-2531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-2531","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A self-amplifying RNA vector based on rubella virus for mRNA therapeutics and vaccine applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102967","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102967"}}