{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T15:31:01Z","timestamp":1793633461429,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:54:09Z","timestamp":1789516449000},"page":"103099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-cell and intercellular communication analyses reveal DLL3 as a key regulator in the glioma tumor microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianrun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7886-1404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuncong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280319","article-title":"Glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas: a clinical review","volume":"310","author":"Omuro","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23705-8_1","article-title":"Malignant Glioma","volume":"1405","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00516-y","article-title":"Glioma","volume":"10","author":"Weller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023","article-title":"Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults: A Review","volume":"329","author":"Schaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053040","article-title":"Glioblastoma: An Update in Pathology, Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers","volume":"25","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14040438","article-title":"The Tumor Microenvironment: Signal Transduction","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-025-02641-4","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment: recent advances in understanding and its role in modulating cancer therapies","volume":"42","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.05.005","article-title":"Metabolic regulation on the immune environment of glioma through gut microbiota","volume":"86","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-021-09997-9","article-title":"Glioma: molecular signature and crossroads with tumor microenvironment","volume":"41","author":"Barthel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1299064","article-title":"Glioma: bridging the tumor microenvironment, patient immune profiles and novel personalized immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Mishchenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-110348","article-title":"Role of the Microenvironment in Glioma Pathogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Jayaram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-025-00863-2","article-title":"Glioma tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy: past, present, and future","volume":"13","author":"Cvitkovi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08457-2","article-title":"Deciphering cancer therapy resistance via patient-level single-cell transcriptomics with CellResDB","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.04.012","article-title":"Neuronal Activity Promotes Glioma Growth through Neuroligin-3 Secretion","volume":"161","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06678-1","article-title":"Glioma synapses recruit mechanisms of adaptive plasticity","volume":"623","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib16","article-title":"cncFinder: a graph-attention-network-based interpretable learning model to identify bifunctional long non-coding RNAs","volume":"37","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.09.001","article-title":"TIM-3 blockade in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma models promotes tumor regression and antitumor immune memory","volume":"41","author":"Ausejo-Mauleon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14239","article-title":"Exosomes-mediated crosstalk between glioma and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05680-3","article-title":"Single-cell spatial immune landscapes of primary and metastatic brain tumours","volume":"614","author":"Karimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1013094","article-title":"Combined bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq identifies a necroptosis-related prognostic signature associated with inhibitory immune microenvironment in glioma","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib21","article-title":"Large-scale bulk RNA-seq analysis defines immune evasion mechanism related to mast cell in gliomas","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-023-00467-4","article-title":"Integrated analysis of multiple methods reveals characteristics of the immune microenvironment in medulloblastoma","volume":"40","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202400044","article-title":"Identification of RNA-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation proteins using an artificial intelligence strategy","volume":"24","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox126","article-title":"Dissecting human gliomas by single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"20","author":"Tirosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.12.008","article-title":"Unravelling glioblastoma heterogeneity by means of single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"527","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib26","article-title":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic insights into glioma cellular heterogeneity and metabolic adaptations","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12151970","article-title":"A Review of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Annotation, Integration, and Cell-Cell Communication","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27619-4","article-title":"Investigating immune and non-immune cell interactions in head and neck tumors by single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"12","author":"K\u00fcrten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-01950-w","article-title":"Predicting intercellular communication based on metabolite-related ligand-receptor interactions with MRCLinkdb","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02287-w","article-title":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses revealing tumor microenvironment remodeling after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21407-w","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals functional heterogeneity of glioma-associated brain macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Ochocka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.07.026","article-title":"Single-cell dissection of the human blood-brain barrier and glioma blood-tumor barrier","volume":"112","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00662-1","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies a subtype of FN1 + tumor-associated macrophages associated with glioma recurrence and as a biomarker for immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8520","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab638","article-title":"CellCall: integrating paired ligand-receptor and transcription factor activities for cell-cell communication","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052108","article-title":"Microenvironmental Drivers of Glioma Progression","volume":"26","author":"Jang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.04.017","article-title":"Complex neural-immune interactions shape glioma immunotherapy","volume":"58","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04352-z","article-title":"Glioma stem cells: drivers of tumor progression and recurrence","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584241259773","article-title":"Breaking Down Glioma-Microenvironment Crosstalk","volume":"31","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202506694","article-title":"Neuro-Cancer Interactions Shape Glioma Intratumoral Heterogeneity","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib40","article-title":"Immunosuppressive cells in oncolytic virotherapy for glioma: challenges and solutions","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-04989-z","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating and circulating B cells mediate local and systemic immunomodulatory mechanisms in Glioblastoma","volume":"172","author":"De Domenico","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1060000","article-title":"Effects of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles on the functions of immune cells","volume":"11","author":"Musatova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib43","article-title":"Thrombolysis exacerbates cerebrovascular injury after ischemic stroke via a VEGF-B dependent effect on adipose lipolysis","author":"Nilsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104524","article-title":"DLL3 as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in neuroendocrine neoplasms: A narrative review","volume":"204","author":"Peddio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040520","article-title":"Targeting DLL3: Innovative Strategies for Tumor Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-022-10041-7","article-title":"Notch signaling in malignant gliomas: supporting tumor growth and the vascular environment","volume":"41","author":"Kipper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib47","first-page":"19","article-title":"NOTCH Signaling Pathway: Occurrence, Mechanism, and NOTCH-Directed Therapy for the Management of Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Kumari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-022-00099-8","article-title":"The role of Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathway in cancer","volume":"3","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01464-y","article-title":"Emerging therapies targeting the delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) in small cell lung cancer","volume":"16","author":"Rudin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1504139","article-title":"Advances in DLL3-targeted therapies for small cell lung cancer: challenges, opportunities, and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.02.005","article-title":"Cellular Atlas of Senescent Lineages in Radiation- or Immunotherapy-Induced Lung Injury by Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Analysis","volume":"116","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys."}],"container-title":["Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2162253126002702?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2162253126002702?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T15:13:17Z","timestamp":1793632397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2162253126002702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2162253126002702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-2531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-2531","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Single-cell and intercellular communication analyses reveal DLL3 as a key regulator in the glioma tumor microenvironment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.103099","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103099"}}