{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:39:58Z","timestamp":1791517198176,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,17]],"date-time":"2006-08-17T12:51:39Z","timestamp":1155819099000},"page":"1354-1362.e1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":477,"title":["Prevalence and Causes of Low Vision and Blindness in a Japanese Adult Population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Aiko","family":"Iwase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Araie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuo","family":"Tomidokoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.3.253","article-title":"World blindness\u2014no end in sight","volume":"85","author":"Cunningham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070040138048","article-title":"Blindness and visual impairment in an American urban population. The Baltimore Eye Survey","volume":"108","author":"Tielsch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32137-7","article-title":"The Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"98","author":"Klein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib4","first-page":"771","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in Mongolia","volume":"72","author":"Baasanhu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30684-2","article-title":"Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"103","author":"Attebo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70128-X","article-title":"Visual impairment in Australia","volume":"123","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib7","first-page":"557","article-title":"A comprehensive assessment of visual impairment in a population of older Americans. The SEE Study. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project","volume":"38","author":"Rubin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.5.653","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in an older population","volume":"116","author":"Klaver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90459-1","article-title":"A survey of blindness and cataract surgery in Doumen County, China","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib10","first-page":"908","article-title":"Blindness in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh","volume":"42","author":"Dandona","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00554-1","article-title":"Cause-specific prevalence of bilateral visual impairment in Victoria, Australia","volume":"108","author":"VanNewkirk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2001.11644261","article-title":"Visual impairment in a Taiwanese population","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00579-0","article-title":"A population-based eye survey of older adults in a rural district of Rajasthan: I. Central vision impairment, blindness, and cataract surgery","volume":"108","author":"Murthy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00590-5","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the Barbados Eye Study","volume":"108","author":"Hyman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.2.133","article-title":"Prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, and cataract surgery in the Hong Kong elderly","volume":"86","author":"Michon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.3.257","article-title":"Survey of blindness and visual impairment in Bioko, Equatorial Guinea","volume":"86","author":"Moser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.9.951","article-title":"Prevalence of blindness and low vision in Malaysian population","volume":"86","author":"Zainal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib18","first-page":"608","article-title":"Blindness, visual impairment and the problem of uncorrected refractive error in a Mexican-American population","volume":"43","author":"Munoz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00565-7","article-title":"Blindness and vision impairment in a rural south Indian population. The Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey","volume":"110","author":"Thulasiraj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.05.010","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness among 9980 Scandinavian adults. The Copenhagen City Eye Study","volume":"111","author":"Buch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.05.011","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan. The Shihpai Eye Study","volume":"111","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.477","article-title":"Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States","volume":"122","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.09.040","article-title":"Causes of blindness, low vision, and questionnaire-assessed poor visual function in Singaporean Chinese adults. The Tanjong Pagar Survey","volume":"111","author":"Saw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.02.002","article-title":"Prevalence and risk indicators of visual impairment and blindness in Latinos. The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"111","author":"Varma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib25","series-title":"[Diagram of State of Japan. 62nd ed.]","first-page":"483","author":"Zue","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib26","series-title":"[Diagram of State of Japan. 62nd ed.]","first-page":"45","author":"Zue","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib27","first-page":"1641","article-title":"The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in Japanese. The Tajimi Study","volume":"111","author":"Iwase","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.05.012","article-title":"The Tajimi Study report 2. Prevalence of primary angle closure and secondary glaucoma in a Japanese population","volume":"112","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib29","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Blindness: magnitude and causes of visual impairment. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs282\/en\/index.html . Accessed July 1, 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1985.tb00658.x","article-title":"Visual standards for driving","volume":"5","author":"Charman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib31","first-page":"1223","article-title":"Guideline of visual field examination [in Japanese]","volume":"38","author":"Suzumura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ganka"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib32","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Between-algorithm, between-individual differences in normal perimetric sensitivity","volume":"40","author":"Wild","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib33","first-page":"1998","article-title":"The SITA perimetric threshold algorithms in glaucoma","volume":"40","author":"Wild","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib34","series-title":"Statistics with Confidence","first-page":"45","author":"Smithson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib35","first-page":"103","volume":"41","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00394-5","article-title":"Repeatability of an automated Landolt C test, compared with the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart testing","volume":"136","author":"Ruamviboonsuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30435-1","article-title":"The cause-specific prevalence of visual impairment in an urban population. The Baltimore Eye Survey","volume":"103","author":"Rahmani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.6.819","article-title":"Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population of older Americans","volume":"118","author":"Munoz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)01008-9","article-title":"Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population-based sample of U.S. Hispanics","volume":"109","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.10.1153","article-title":"Prevalence of age related maculopathy in a representative Japanese population","volume":"85","author":"Oshima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00409-7","article-title":"Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: a case-control study in the age-related eye disease study. Age-Related Eye Disease Study report number 3","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90255-5","article-title":"Age-related maculopathy in a multiracial United States population","volume":"106","author":"Klein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01175-2","article-title":"Myopia and advanced-stage open-angle glaucoma","volume":"109","author":"Mayama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02028637","article-title":"The visual field in advanced glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Weber","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib45","first-page":"310","article-title":"Annual surveys of members of Japanese Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery in 2002 [in Japanese]","volume":"17","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"IOL RS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib46","first-page":"133","article-title":"Epidemiology of glaucoma in Japan\u2014a nationwide glaucoma survey","volume":"35","author":"Shiose","year":"1991","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib47","first-page":"334","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in an adult inner city population","volume":"38","author":"Katz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib48","first-page":"2179","article-title":"Refractive errors in a black adult population","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.5.658","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in Victoria, Australia","volume":"117","author":"Wensor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)01024-7","article-title":"Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in an older population","volume":"109","author":"Vongphanit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0456","article-title":"Ocular biometry and refraction in Mongolian adults","volume":"45","author":"Wickremasinghe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.09.046","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in Bangladeshi adults. Results of the National Blindness and Low Vision Survey of Bangladesh","volume":"111","author":"Bourne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib53","first-page":"582","article-title":"Studies of prevalence of blindness in the Asia-Pacific region and the worldwide initiative in ophthalmic education","volume":"126","author":"Tso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.9.1414","article-title":"Global burden of diabetes, 1995\u20132025","volume":"21","author":"King","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642006005719?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642006005719?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T13:49:56Z","timestamp":1758980996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642006005719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642006005719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and Causes of Low Vision and Blindness in a Japanese Adult Population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}