{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:27:12Z","timestamp":1790188032591,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,7]],"date-time":"2011-01-07T09:29:39Z","timestamp":1294392579000},"page":"1069-1075","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Five-Year Incidence of Visual Impairment and Blindness in Adult Chinese"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Qi Sheng","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya Xing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jost B.","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070040138048","article-title":"Blindness and visual impairment in an American urban population: the Baltimore Eye Survey","volume":"108","author":"Tielsch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32137-7","article-title":"The Beaver Dam Eye Study: visual acuity","volume":"98","author":"Klein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505043321806","article-title":"The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment among nursing home residents in Baltimore","volume":"332","author":"Tielsch","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30684-2","article-title":"Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in Australia: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"103","author":"Attebo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.5.653","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in an older population: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"116","author":"Klaver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00590-5","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the Barbados Eye Study","volume":"108","author":"Hyman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2001.11644261","article-title":"Visual impairment in a Taiwanese population: prevalence, causes, and socioeconomic factors","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)01008-9","article-title":"Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population-based sample of U.S. Hispanicspage","volume":"109","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.05.011","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study","volume":"111","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.09.040","article-title":"Causes of blindness, low vision, and questionnaire-assessed poor visual function in Singaporean Chinese adults: the Tanjong Pagar Survey","volume":"111","author":"Saw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.02.002","article-title":"Prevalence and risk indicators of visual impairment and blindness in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"111","author":"Varma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.022","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a Japanese adult population: the Tajimi Study","volume":"113","author":"Iwase","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.035","article-title":"Causes of blindness and visual impairment in urban and rural areas in Beijing: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"113","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.10.018","article-title":"Prevalence of visual impairment among adults in China: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"141","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.8.1091","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in an urban Malay population: the Singapore Malay Eye Study","volume":"126","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.05.030","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a rural Chinese adult population: the Handan Eye Study","volume":"115","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.53","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among the elderly in Nantong, China","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.138","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Chinese adults in urban southern China: the Liwan Eye Study","volume":"127","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.11.023","article-title":"Prevalence of vision impairment in older adults in rural China: the China Nine-Province Survey","volume":"117","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30526-5","article-title":"Changes in visual acuity in a population: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"103","author":"Klein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01898-5","article-title":"Incidence of blindness and low vision in a sample population: the Priverno Eye Study, Italy","volume":"110","author":"Cedrone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0457","article-title":"Five-year incidence of bilateral cause-specific visual impairment in the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project","volume":"44","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01295-2","article-title":"Five-year change in visual acuity and incidence of visual impairment: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"110","author":"Foran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.04.002","article-title":"Four-year incidence of visual impairment: Barbados Incidence Study of Eye Diseases","volume":"111","author":"Leske","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.11.040","article-title":"14-year incidence, progression, and visual morbidity of age-related maculopathy: the Copenhagen City Eye Study","volume":"112","author":"Buch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701444","article-title":"Incidence of visual loss in the Ponza Eye Study, Italy","volume":"19","author":"Nucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.06.015","article-title":"Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 15-year period: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"142","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.8.1061","article-title":"Six-year incidence of visual loss in African Americans with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the New Jersey 725","volume":"125","author":"Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01445.x","article-title":"Five-year incidence of visual impairment and blindness in older Icelanders: the Reykjavik Eye Study","volume":"88","author":"Gunnlaugsdottir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.02.017","article-title":"Nine-year incidence of visual impairment in the Barbados Eye Studies","volume":"116","author":"Hennis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.12.011","article-title":"Four-year incidence and progression of visual impairment in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"149","author":"Varma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.06.051","article-title":"The 25-year incidence of visual impairment in type 1 diabetes mellitus: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"117","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.11.014","article-title":"Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"149","author":"Varma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.068429","article-title":"Visual acuity in northern China in an urban and rural population: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"89","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.06.001","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the adult population in China: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.11.003","article-title":"Mortality and ocular diseases: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"116","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00732-7","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) system for classifying cataracts from photographs: AREDS report no. 4","volume":"131","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.050","article-title":"High myopia and glaucoma susceptibility: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.06.037","article-title":"Prevalence of glaucoma in North China: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.01.020","article-title":"Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in Chinese adults: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0884-6","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy: the Beijing Eye Study 2006","volume":"246","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.03.010","article-title":"Vein occlusion in Chinese subjects [letter]","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(05)80092-X","article-title":"An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"39","author":"Bird","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.096123","article-title":"Associated factors for age related maculopathy in the adult population in China: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"90","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00465-2","article-title":"Five-year refractive changes in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"110","author":"Guzowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00769-2","article-title":"Changes in visual acuity in a population over a 10-year period: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"108","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib47","first-page":"1645","article-title":"Changes in refractive error over a 5-year interval in the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib48","first-page":"2566","article-title":"Changes in refraction over 10 years in an adult population: the Beaver Dam Eye study","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70583-5","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium cell count, distribution, and correlations in normal human eyes","volume":"121","author":"Panda-Jonas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00181769","article-title":"Count and density of human retinal photoreceptors","volume":"230","author":"Jonas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30784-1","article-title":"Retinal photoreceptor density decreases with age","volume":"102","author":"Panda-Jonas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642010010432?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642010010432?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T18:22:32Z","timestamp":1544034152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642010010432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642010010432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}}}