{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T03:06:25Z","timestamp":1781838385867,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008720","name":"Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008720","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:19:03Z","timestamp":1304209143000},"page":"1495-1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors for Visual Impairment in Preschool Children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Amy Shih-I","family":"Pai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chameen","family":"Samarawickrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Burlutsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Varma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.01.052","article-title":"Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in a population-based sample of 6-year old Australian children","volume":"112","author":"Robaei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.02.042","article-title":"Correctable and non-correctable visual impairment in a population-based sample of 12-year-old Australian children","volume":"142","author":"Robaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0283","article-title":"Refractive error and visual impairment in African children in South Africa","volume":"44","author":"Naidoo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.035","article-title":"Causes of blindness and visual impairment in urban and rural areas in Beijing: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"113","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.05.011","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study","volume":"111","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2000.00315.x","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence and causes of bilateral and unilateral visual impairment in older Australians: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.5.653","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in an older population: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"116","author":"Klaver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.9.1025","article-title":"Blindness in children: control priorities and research opportunities","volume":"85","author":"Gilbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.11.021","article-title":"A population-based study of visual impairment among pre-school children in Beijing: the Beijing study of visual impairment in children","volume":"147","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.6.1.73.1571","article-title":"Prevalence of visual impairment in children: a review of available data","volume":"6","author":"Gilbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.04.006","article-title":"Prevalence of decreased visual acuity among preschool-aged children in an American urban population: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study, methods, and results","volume":"115","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.03.027","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in African-American and Hispanic preschool children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"116","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00452-3","article-title":"Refractive error study in children: results from Shunyi District, China","volume":"129","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1051","article-title":"Refractive error and visual impairment in urban children in southern China","volume":"45","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.10.048","article-title":"Refractive error and visual impairment in school-age children in Gombak District, Malaysia","volume":"112","author":"Goh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03529.x","article-title":"The prevalence and causes of vision loss in Indigenous Australians: the National Indigenous Eye Health Survey","volume":"192","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01256-9","article-title":"Computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the Amblyopia Treatment Study visual acuity testing protocol","volume":"132","author":"Moke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00616.x","article-title":"Cycloplegic refraction in preschool children: comparisons between the hand-held autorefractor, table-mounted autorefractor and retinoscopy","volume":"29","author":"Prabakaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a76e55","article-title":"Visual acuity norms in pre-school children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"86","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.08.014","article-title":"Normative pediatric visual acuity using single surrounded HOTV optotypes on the Electronic Visual Acuity Tester following the Amblyopia Treatment Study protocol","volume":"12","author":"Drover","year":"2008","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.02.037","article-title":"Testability of vision and refraction in preschoolers: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error study in Singaporean children","volume":"148","author":"Trager","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.07.014","article-title":"Visual acuity testability in African-American and Hispanic children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study","volume":"144","author":"Cotter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.1.9","article-title":"The contribution of low birth weight to severe vision loss in a geographically defined population","volume":"82","author":"Crofts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib24","first-page":"493","article-title":"Long-term visual outcomes in extremely low-birth-weight children (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis)","volume":"104","author":"Spencer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.6.871","article-title":"The impact of modest prematurity on visual function at age 6 years: findings from a population-based study","volume":"124","author":"Robaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642011000601?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642011000601?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T14:00:56Z","timestamp":1758981656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642011000601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642011000601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Visual Impairment in Preschool Children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}