{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T16:57:03Z","timestamp":1785603423943,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/0695\/2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/0695\/2003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001468","name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SERI\/MG\/97-04\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SERI\/MG\/97-04\/005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001468","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,5]],"date-time":"2011-08-05T12:41:31Z","timestamp":1312548091000},"page":"2050-2057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":207,"title":["Myopia-Related Optic Disc and Retinal Changes in Adolescent Children from Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Chameen","family":"Samarawickrama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gus","family":"Gazzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien-Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seang-Mei","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017924","article-title":"Epidemiology of myopia","volume":"18","author":"Saw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Relationship between myopia and optical components\u2014a study among Chinese Hong Kong student population","volume":"12","author":"Lo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Yan Ke Xue Bao"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib3","first-page":"684","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of the prevalence and severity of myopia among schoolchildren in Taiwan in 2000","volume":"100","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(02)00620-2","article-title":"Refractive errors and factors associated with myopia in an adult Japanese population","volume":"47","author":"Shimizu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N1p27","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese schoolchildren: 1983 to 2000","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib6","first-page":"2486","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore","volume":"41","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03122.x","article-title":"Why is there an epidemic of myopia?","volume":"86","author":"Grosvenor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(66)90274-1","article-title":"Data on the natural history of retinal detachment: further characterization of certain unilateral nontraumatic cases","volume":"61","author":"Schepens","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1973.01000040478006","article-title":"Aphakic and phakic retinal detachment","volume":"89","author":"Ashrafzadeh","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150979","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage children","volume":"93","author":"Dirani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01339-9","article-title":"Population prevalence of tilted optic disks and the relationship of this sign to refractive error","volume":"133","author":"Vongphanit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070140052027","article-title":"Threshold perimetry in tilted disc syndrome","volume":"108","author":"Brazitikos","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.57.5.307","article-title":"Bitemporal visual field defects associated with anomalies of the optic discs","volume":"57","author":"Graham","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90416-5","article-title":"The relationship between glaucoma and myopia: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"106","author":"Mitchell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib16","first-page":"312","article-title":"Axial length measurements and fundus changes of the myopic eye","volume":"68","author":"Curtin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)01024-7","article-title":"Prevalence and progression of myopic retinopathy in an older population","volume":"109","author":"Vongphanit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","article-title":"Myopia and associated pathological complications","volume":"25","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.071","article-title":"Characteristics of highly myopic eyes: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702573","article-title":"Peripheral and posterior pole retinal lesions in association with high myopia: a cross-sectional community-based study in Hong Kong","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib21","first-page":"451","article-title":"The future is near: focus on myopia","volume":"45","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0565","article-title":"Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children","volume":"46","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1081","article-title":"A cohort study of incident myopia in Singaporean children","volume":"47","author":"Saw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib24","first-page":"16","article-title":"Statistics Singapore","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.085910","article-title":"Blood pressure and retinal arteriolar narrowing in children","volume":"49","author":"Mitchell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1313","article-title":"Relationships of retinal vessel diameters with optic disc, macular and retinal nerve fiber layer parameters in 6-year old children","volume":"49","author":"Cheung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3181996da6","article-title":"Measurement of optic nerve head parameters: comparison of optical coherence tomography with digital planimetry","volume":"18","author":"Samarawickrama","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580490921296","article-title":"Methods for a population-based study of myopia and other eye conditions in school children: the Sydney Myopia Study","volume":"12","author":"Ojaimi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00166758","article-title":"Correction of optic disc measurements on fundus photographs","volume":"230","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0585","article-title":"Heidelberg retinal tomography of optic disc and nerve fiber layer in Singapore children: variations with disc tilt and refractive error","volume":"48","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199909000-00018","article-title":"Tilted disc syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Sowka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(76)90658-9","article-title":"The tilted disk syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Young","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3109\/01658108609034221","article-title":"The spectrum of the visual field defects in the tilted disc syndrome: clinical study and review","volume":"6","author":"Giuffre","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroophthalmology"},{"issue":"126","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib34","first-page":"3","article-title":"The nasal fundus ectasia","author":"Riise","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00150971","article-title":"Chorioretinal degenerative changes in the tilted disc syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Giuffre","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.87","article-title":"Tilted optic discs: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"22","author":"You","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.050","article-title":"High myopia and glaucoma susceptibility: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90251-8","article-title":"Refractive errors in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"106","author":"Attebo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3587","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive error in Singaporean Chinese children: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error in young Singaporean Children (STARS) study","volume":"51","author":"Dirani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1947.00890220744003","article-title":"Myopia inversa","volume":"37","author":"Fuchs","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.106039","article-title":"Central corneal thickness and correlation to optic disc size: a potential link for susceptibility to glaucoma","volume":"91","author":"Pakravan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210801800106","article-title":"Relationship between central corneal thickness and parameters of optic nerve head topography in healthy subjects","volume":"18","author":"Cankaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.12.003","article-title":"Increased corneal thickness in patients with ocular coloboma","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.139113","article-title":"Corneal biomechanics, thickness and optic disc morphology in children with optic disc tilt","volume":"92","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)91092-0","article-title":"Axial length measurements and fundus changes of the myopic eye","volume":"71","author":"Curtin","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib46","first-page":"58","article-title":"Peripheral retinal degeneration in high myopia","volume":"6","author":"Kirker","year":"1971","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib47","first-page":"67","article-title":"The posterior staphyloma of pathologic myopia","volume":"75","author":"Curtin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1966.00970050628008","article-title":"Contractile peripapillary staphyloma","volume":"75","author":"Wise","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70796-2","article-title":"Peripapillary staphyloma","volume":"124","author":"Gottlieb","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib50","first-page":"237","article-title":"The Myopias: Basic Science and Clinical Management","author":"Curtin","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(75)90611-X","article-title":"Lacquer crack lesions in pathologic myopia","volume":"79","author":"Klein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642011002272?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642011002272?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T14:00:48Z","timestamp":1758981648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642011002272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642011002272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Myopia-Related Optic Disc and Retinal Changes in Adolescent Children from Singapore","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}