{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:05:56Z","timestamp":1780506356518,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T18:17:13Z","timestamp":1366136233000},"page":"1247-1253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy with or without a Copayment in a Randomized Controlled Trial: Influence of the Inverse Care Law"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"120","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01628289","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Jin Xiao","family":"Lian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"McGhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita A.","family":"Gangwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Hedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy Lo Kuen","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice Keng Hung","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wico W.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Wai Sing","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.H.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92410-X","article-title":"The inverse care law","volume":"1","author":"Hart","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdg054","article-title":"Addressing the inverse care law in cardiac services","volume":"25","author":"Langham","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Public Health Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-4-12","article-title":"Availability and structure of primary medical care services and population health and health care indicators in England","volume":"4","author":"Gulliford","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res [serial online]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7144.1588","article-title":"Children and the inverse care law","volume":"316","author":"Webb","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib5","first-page":"456","article-title":"Deprivation, psychological distress, and consultation length in general practice","volume":"51","author":"Stirling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7226.15","article-title":"Effect of socioeconomic deprivation on waiting time for cardiac surgery: retrospective cohort study","volume":"320","author":"Pell","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.778","article-title":"The inverse care law: clinical primary care encounters in deprived and affluent areas of Scotland","volume":"5","author":"Mercer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800925a","article-title":"Capitation registration and social deprivation in England","volume":"190","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2165\/00148365-200605030-00001","article-title":"To retain or remove user fees?","volume":"5","author":"James","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.049197","article-title":"The impact of user fees on health service utilization in low- and middle-income countries: how strong is the evidence?","volume":"86","author":"Lagarde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Essential Elements in Developing a Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Programme. Section 6, The Screening Test (grading the image), and Section 14, Appendices: Glossary\/Definitions. Appendix 1. (Workbook version 4.4)","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib12","first-page":"293","article-title":"Diabetes in America","year":"1995"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib13","first-page":"741","article-title":"Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study design and baseline patient characteristics","volume":"98","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib14","first-page":"766","article-title":"Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"98","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2000.078004374.x","article-title":"Screening and prevention of diabetic blindness","volume":"78","author":"Stefansson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.19.s4.9.x","article-title":"Current status of screening for diabetic retinopathy in the UK","volume":"19","author":"Younis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02946.x","article-title":"Socio-economic and ethnic inequalities in diabetes retinal screening","volume":"27","author":"Gulliford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib18","first-page":"257","article-title":"Direct mail intervention to increase retinal examination rates in Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Prela","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med Qual"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.5.752","article-title":"Effect of multiple patient reminders in improving diabetic retinopathy screening","volume":"22","author":"Halbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6812.1253","article-title":"Effectiveness and efficiency under competition: the Cochrane test","volume":"303","author":"Light","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.11.003","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy screening in patients with diabetes mellitus in primary care: incentives and barriers to screening attendance","volume":"96","author":"van Eijk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642012011037?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642012011037?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T14:04:44Z","timestamp":1758981884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642012011037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642012011037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718000251.793477458","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy with or without a Copayment in a Randomized Controlled Trial: Influence of the Inverse Care Law","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}