{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:04:23Z","timestamp":1790910263075,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,2]],"date-time":"2014-08-02T15:16:19Z","timestamp":1406992579000},"page":"2340-2347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Acanthamoeba Sclerokeratitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Iovieno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Gore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Carnt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Dart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.06.009","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis and treatment update 2009","volume":"1484","author":"Dart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00023.x","article-title":"Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health","volume":"304","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0621:ROACCT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Resistance of Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts to physical, chemical, and radiological conditions","volume":"883","author":"Aksozek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31820f7763","article-title":"Practice patterns and opinions in the treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"30","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31499-5","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis. The value of early diagnosis","volume":"1008","author":"Bacon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0805-7","article-title":"Delay in diagnosis and outcome of Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"2428","author":"Claerhout","year":"2004","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.3.277","article-title":"Persistence of acanthamoeba antigen following acanthamoeba keratitis 1","volume":"853","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(02)92015-4","article-title":"Adaptive immune responses to Acanthamoeba cysts 243","volume":"753","author":"McClellan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib9","first-page":"277","article-title":"The role of topical corticosteroids in the management of Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"163","author":"Park","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050210067027","article-title":"Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis. Determining diagnostic criteria","volume":"1049","author":"Mannis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01039-4","article-title":"Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis: treatment with systemic immunosuppression","volume":"1096","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1993.168","article-title":"A\u00a0review of 72 consecutive cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis, 1984-1992","volume":"7","author":"Bacon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.038","article-title":"Severe reactive ischemic posterior segment inflammation in acanthamoeba keratitis: a new potentially blinding syndrome","volume":"1142","author":"Awwad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70007-8","article-title":"Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis","volume":"1174","author":"Dougherty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib15","first-page":"221","article-title":"Acanthamoeba polyphaga keratitis and Acenthamoeba uveitis associated with fatal meningoencephalitis","volume":"952","author":"Jones","year":"1975","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72126-9","article-title":"Acanthamoeba endophthalmitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"1224","author":"Heffler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00765-5","article-title":"Chorioretinitis after keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba: case report and review of the literature","volume":"10812","author":"Moshari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0955-8","article-title":"Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis","volume":"2472","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31829ded51","article-title":"Scleral and intraocular amoebic dissemination in acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"3212","author":"Arnalich-Montiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib20","unstructured":"Kuennen RA, Smith RH, Mauger TF, Craig E. Enucleation following treatment with intravenous pentamidine for Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis. Clin Ophthalmol 2010;4:1145\u20139."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770321.x","article-title":"Severe Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis in a non-contact lens wearer","volume":"773","author":"Hirano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.5.536","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis in England and Wales: incidence, outcome, and risk factors","volume":"865","author":"Radford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.02.004","article-title":"The pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"224","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.12.009","article-title":"The immunobiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"85","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0140","article-title":"Failure of Acanthamoeba castellanii to produce intraocular infections","volume":"467","author":"Clarke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.6.366","article-title":"Pathogenesis of acanthamoebic keratitis: hypothesis based on a histological analysis of 30 cases","volume":"776","author":"Garner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.99844","article-title":"Granulomatous inflammation in Acanthamoeba sclerokeratitis","volume":"616","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181cbfa2c","article-title":"Successful treatment of chronic stromal acanthamoeba keratitis with oral voriconazole monotherapy","volume":"299","author":"Tu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2371-y","article-title":"Evaluation of the in vitro activity of commercially available moxifloxacin and voriconazole eye-drops against clinical strains of Acanthamoeba","volume":"2519","author":"Martin-Navarro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib30","first-page":"1059","article-title":"A\u00a0clinicopathologic study of in vitro sensitivity testing and Acanthamoeba keratitis 235","volume":"353","author":"Elder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75974-4","article-title":"Oral itraconazole and topical miconazole with debridement for Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"1092","author":"Ishibashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.01.031","article-title":"The impact of\u00a0topical corticosteroid use before diagnosis on the outcome of Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"121","author":"Robaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.029","article-title":"Keratoplasty for treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"1165","author":"Kitzmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01203568","article-title":"Infectious scleritis: report of four cases","volume":"831","author":"Sainz de la Maza","year":"1993","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642014005673?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642014005673?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T01:56:09Z","timestamp":1538358969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642014005673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642014005673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}}}