{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:17:36Z","timestamp":1790741856524,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,5]],"date-time":"2016-03-05T18:39:38Z","timestamp":1457203178000},"page":"1060-1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Anatomic Clinical Trial Endpoints for Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01790802","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02569892","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Karen B.","family":"Schaal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohar","family":"Yehoshua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Feuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31871-8","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"99","author":"Klein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","article-title":"Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010","volume":"96","author":"Pascolini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.564","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States","volume":"122","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","article-title":"Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Ferris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.023","article-title":"Geographic atrophy: clinical features and potential therapeutic approaches","volume":"121","author":"Holz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61501-9","article-title":"Alternative treatments to inhibit VEGF in age-related choroidal neovascularisation: 2-year findings of the IVAN randomised controlled trial","volume":"382","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.07.011","article-title":"Characteristics of patients losing vision after 2 years of monthly dosing in the phase III ranibizumab clinical trials","volume":"118","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.015","article-title":"Risk of geographic atrophy in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials","volume":"121","author":"Grunwald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.11.007","article-title":"Growth of geographic atrophy in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials","volume":"122","author":"Grunwald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305550","article-title":"Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in glaucoma clinical trials","volume":"99","author":"Medeiros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2011.577132","article-title":"Current clinical trials in dry AMD and the definition of appropriate clinical outcome measures","volume":"26","author":"Yehoshua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1132","article-title":"Report from the NEI\/FDA Ophthalmic Clinical Trial Design and Endpoints Symposium","volume":"49","author":"Csaky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.018","article-title":"Progression of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration imaged with spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"118","author":"Yehoshua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.11.041","article-title":"Progression of geographic atrophy and impact of fundus autofluorescence patterns in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"143","author":"Holz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.09.016","article-title":"The long-term natural history of geographic atrophy from age-related macular degeneration: enlargement of atrophy and implications for interventional clinical trials","volume":"114","author":"Sunness","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4533","article-title":"Tracking progression with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in geographic atrophy caused by age-related macular degeneration","volume":"51","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.198","article-title":"Change in area of geographic atrophy in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS report number 26","volume":"127","author":"Lindblad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01955.x","article-title":"Performance of OCT segmentation procedures to assess morphology and extension in geographic atrophy","volume":"89","author":"Schutze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.260","article-title":"Drusen and RPE atrophy automated quantification by optical coherence tomography in an elderly population","volume":"29","author":"Diniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20150422-03","article-title":"Comparison of geographic atrophy growth rates using different imaging modalities in the COMPLETE study","volume":"46","author":"Yehoshua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32186-9","article-title":"The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system","volume":"98","author":"Klein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01218-1","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study system for classifying age-related macular degeneration from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 6","volume":"132","author":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research G","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.08.030","article-title":"Retinal precursors and the development of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.03.008","article-title":"Risk factors for choroidal neovascularization and geographic atrophy in the complications of age-related macular degeneration prevention trial","volume":"115","author":"Complications of Age-related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial Research G","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30368-6","article-title":"The five-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"104","author":"Klein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib26","first-page":"2237","article-title":"Incidence and progression rates of age-related maculopathy: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"42","author":"Klaver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01055-2","article-title":"Five-year incidence of age-related maculopathy lesions: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"109","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.09.077","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of digital non-stereo color fundus photography as a screening tool in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"139","author":"Pirbhai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib29","first-page":"1761","article-title":"Measuring geographic atrophy in advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Sunness","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7640","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7457","article-title":"Semiautomated image processing method for identification and quantification of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Schmitz-Valckenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14802","article-title":"Quantitative autofluorescence and cell density maps of the human retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"55","author":"Ach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12250","article-title":"Lack of correlation between the spatial distribution of A2E and lipofuscin fluorescence in the human retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"54","author":"Ablonczy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5619","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence findings in areas with geographic atrophy due to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Schmitz-Valckenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.043","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic comparison of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence in patients with geographic atrophy","volume":"118","author":"Sayegh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.05.026","article-title":"A\u00a0longitudinal comparison of spectral\u2013domain optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence in geographic atrophy","volume":"158","author":"Simader","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31828d6052","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomography-determined morphologic predictors of age-related macular degeneration-associated geographic atrophy progression","volume":"33","author":"Moussa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20090301-16","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomographic imaging of geographic atrophy","volume":"40","author":"Lujan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.015","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of geographic atrophy margins","volume":"116","author":"Bearelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-002-0602-8","article-title":"Inter- and intra-observer variability in grading lesions of age-related maculopathy and macular degeneration","volume":"241","author":"Scholl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.04.006","article-title":"Evaluation of autofluorescence imaging with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope and the fundus camera in age-related geographic atrophy","volume":"146","author":"Schmitz-Valckenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20130313-05","article-title":"Comparison of geographic atrophy measurements from the OCT fundus image and the sub-RPE slab image","volume":"44","author":"Yehoshua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.4.002729","article-title":"Semi-automatic geographic atrophy segmentation for SD-OCT images","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Opt Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.572","article-title":"Square root transformation of geographic atrophy area measurements to eliminate dependence of growth rates on baseline lesion measurements: a reanalysis of Age-Related Eye Disease Study report no. 26","volume":"131","author":"Feuer","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.09.044","article-title":"Systemic complement inhibition with eculizumab for geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: the COMPLETE study","volume":"121","author":"Yehoshua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20130715-06","article-title":"Predicting the progression of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration with SD-OCT en face imaging of the outer retina","volume":"44","author":"Nunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13199","article-title":"OCT minimum intensity as a predictor of geographic atrophy enlargement","volume":"55","author":"Stetson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.5799","article-title":"Geographic atrophy: a histopathological assessment","volume":"132","author":"Bird","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.07.047","article-title":"Circularity index as a risk factor for progression of geographic atrophy","volume":"120","author":"Domalpally","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018987108","article-title":"Ciliary neurotrophic factor delivered by encapsulated cell intraocular implants for treatment of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6131","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5637","article-title":"Treatment of geographic atrophy by the topical administration of OT-551: results of a phase II clinical trial","volume":"51","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318265801d","article-title":"Investigation of oral fenretinide for treatment of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"33","author":"Mata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11650","article-title":"Treatment of geographic atrophy with subconjunctival sirolimus: results of a phase I\/II clinical trial","volume":"54","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.05.008","article-title":"Natural history of drusen morphology in age-related macular degeneration using spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"118","author":"Yehoshua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1484","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 17","volume":"123","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.5.658","article-title":"Risk of age-related macular degeneration in eyes with macular drusen or hyperpigmentation: the Blue Mountains Eye Study cohort","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01146-6","article-title":"Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"109","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.10.040","article-title":"Fifteen-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"114","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.017","article-title":"Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1570","article-title":"A\u00a0simplified severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 18","volume":"123","author":"Ferris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.11.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical age-related maculopathy staging system","volume":"113","author":"Seddon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(05)80092-X","article-title":"An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group","volume":"39","author":"Bird","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100030055022","article-title":"Five-year incidence and disappearance of drusen and retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities. Waterman study","volume":"113","author":"Bressler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1997.67","article-title":"Seven year follow-up of age-related maculopathy in an elderly British population","volume":"11","author":"Sparrow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.08.022","article-title":"Use of fundus imaging in quantification of age-related macular change","volume":"52","author":"Bartlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.042937","article-title":"A\u00a0method of drusen measurement based on reconstruction of fundus background reflectance","volume":"89","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20070301-07","article-title":"Computerized detection and measurement of drusen in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Friberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33524-3","article-title":"Drusen measurement from fundus photographs using computer image analysis","volume":"93","author":"Peli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1994.tb01688.x","article-title":"Automated extraction and quantification of macular drusen from fundal photographs","volume":"22","author":"Morgan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.07.014","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen are subretinal drusenoid deposits","volume":"117","author":"Zweifel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000377","article-title":"Colocalization of pseudodrusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits using high-density en face spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"34","author":"Spaide","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31827e25e0","article-title":"Subretinal drusenoid deposits in non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration: morphology, prevalence, topography, and biogenesis model","volume":"33","author":"Curcio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20150521-06","article-title":"Widefield en face optical coherence tomography imaging of subretinal drusenoid deposits","volume":"46","author":"Schaal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.3.358","article-title":"Early drusen formation in the normal and aging eye and their relation to age related maculopathy: a clinicopathological study","volume":"83","author":"Sarks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.11.013","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of drusen in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"118","author":"Gregori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.05.029","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography-based observation of the natural history of drusenoid lesion in eyes with dry age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Ouyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.034","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography-defined changes preceding the development of drusen-associated atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000018","article-title":"An improved optical coherence tomography-derived fundus projection image for drusen visualization","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.016","article-title":"Drusen volume and retinal pigment epithelium abnormal thinning volume predict 2-year progression of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"123","author":"Folgar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.05.008","article-title":"Identification of drusen characteristics in age-related macular degeneration by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"160","author":"Schlanitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7662","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15273","article-title":"Change in drusen area over time compared using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and color fundus imaging","volume":"55","author":"Gregori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11569","article-title":"Comparison of drusen area detected by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and color fundus imaging","volume":"54","author":"Yehoshua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31829d0015","article-title":"Drusen measurements comparison by fundus photograph manual delineation versus optical coherence tomography retinal pigment epithelial segmentation automated analysis","volume":"34","author":"Diniz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7093","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14918","article-title":"Quantitative SD-OCT imaging biomarkers as indicators of age-related macular degeneration progression","volume":"55","author":"de Sisternes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.06.021","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography-based measurement of drusen load predicts development of advanced age-related macular degeneration","volume":"158","author":"Nathoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4962","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of drusen segmented on SD-OCT versus drusen delineated on color fundus photographs","volume":"51","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6715","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5288","article-title":"Performance of drusen detection by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"51","author":"Schlanitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061704","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3499420","article-title":"Segmentation and quantification of retinal lesions in age-related macular degeneration using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"15","author":"Baumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16410","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.016410","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium segmentation by polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"16","author":"Gotzinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6846","article-title":"Performance of automated drusen detection by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"52","author":"Schlanitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.04.041","article-title":"Drusen ultrastructure imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"115","author":"Khanifar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181567798","article-title":"Correlation of pathologic features in spectral domain optical coherence tomography with conventional retinal studies","volume":"28","author":"Stopa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.6636","article-title":"Ten-year follow-up of age-related macular degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS report no. 36","volume":"132","author":"Chew","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.12.002","article-title":"Natural history of drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment in age-related macular degeneration: Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report No. 28","volume":"117","author":"Cukras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib94","first-page":"CD006537","article-title":"Laser treatment of drusen to prevent progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration","author":"Parodi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00072-7","article-title":"Drusen in age-related macular degeneration: pathogenesis, natural course, and laser photocoagulation-induced regression","volume":"44","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0b013e3181af5582","article-title":"Disappearance of drusen after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"4","author":"Margolis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.35","article-title":"Disappearance of central confluent soft drusen following vitrectomy and ILM peeling","volume":"27","author":"Dithmar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ICB.0000279649.37443.70","article-title":"Regression of macular drusen after pars plana vitrectomy in a patient with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"1","author":"Fuseya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3129\/i09-187","article-title":"Regression of soft drusen and drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment following intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy","volume":"45","author":"Krishnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J\u00a0Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-262444","article-title":"Nanosecond laser therapy reverses pathologic and molecular changes in age-related macular degeneration without retinal damage","volume":"29","author":"Jobling","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12247","article-title":"Nanosecond-laser application in intermediate AMD: 12-month results of fundus appearance and macular function","volume":"42","author":"Guymer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000340","article-title":"Nondamaging photothermal therapy for the retina: initial clinical experience with chronic central serous retinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Lavinsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182993edc","article-title":"Subvisible retinal laser therapy: titration algorithm and tissue response","volume":"34","author":"Lavinsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20131217-01","article-title":"Change in drusen volume as a novel clinical trial endpoint for the study of complement inhibition in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"45","author":"de Amorim Garcia Filho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20131217-01","article-title":"Change in drusen volume as a novel clinical trial endpoint for the study of complement inhibition in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"45","author":"Garcia Filho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib106","first-page":"304","article-title":"Association of OCT derived drusen measurements with AMD associated-genotypic SNPs in Amish population","volume":"4","author":"Chavali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01287","article-title":"Use and interpretation of composite end points in orthopaedic trials","volume":"94","author":"Busse","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2017","article-title":"Composite end points in randomized trials: there is no free lunch","volume":"303","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642016001111?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642016001111?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:05:13Z","timestamp":1692230713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642016001111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642016001111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anatomic Clinical Trial Endpoints for Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}