{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T09:12:13Z","timestamp":1793265133613,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10EY024527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10EY024527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10EY024526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10EY024526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10EY024531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10EY024531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]],"date-time":"2018-09-27T10:46:44Z","timestamp":1538045204000},"page":"283-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["Periocular Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant for the Treatment of Uveitic Macular Edema"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Thorne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Sugar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0899-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet T.","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyce E.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Altaweel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0861-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert T.","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha R.","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2967-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Kempen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Jabs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74235-7","article-title":"International Uveitis Study Group recommendations for the evaluation of intraocular inflammatory disease","volume":"103","author":"Bloch-Michel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01675857","article-title":"Causes of blindness in The Netherlands","volume":"52","author":"ten Doesschate","year":"1982","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.007","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcome and causes of vision loss in patients with uveitis","volume":"121","author":"Tomkins-Netzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.037226","article-title":"Degree, duration, and causes of visual loss in uveitis","volume":"88","author":"Durrani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12987","article-title":"Direct and indirect resource use, healthcare costs and work force absence in patients with non-infectious intermediate, posterior or panuveitis","volume":"94","author":"Thorne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1076\/ocii.11.1.29.15582","article-title":"Cystoid macular edema in uveitis","volume":"11","author":"Okhravi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.03.027","article-title":"Impact of macular edema on visual acuity in uveitis","volume":"113","author":"Lardenoye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.4.332","article-title":"Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease","volume":"80","author":"Rothova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.11.019","article-title":"The multicenter uveitis steroid treatment trial: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics","volume":"149","author":"Kempen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.07.036","article-title":"Outcome of treatment of uveitic macular edema. The Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment Trial 2-Year Results","volume":"122","author":"Tomkins-Netzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.027","article-title":"Randomized comparison of systemic anti-inflammatory therapy versus fluocinolone acetonide implant for intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis: the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment trial","volume":"118","author":"Kempen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.133","article-title":"Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings of the macula in 500 consecutive patients with uveitis","volume":"30","author":"Grajewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000220600","article-title":"Intravitreal and orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide injections in noninfectious uveitis: a comparative study","volume":"42","author":"Roesel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30065-7","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of retrobulbar versus sub-Tenon\u2019s corticosteroid therapy for cystoid macular edema refractory to topical medications","volume":"104","author":"Thach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2004.00902.x","article-title":"Clinical trial to compare efficacy and side-effects of injection of posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone versus orbital floor methylprednisolone in the management of posterior uveitis","volume":"32","author":"Ferrante","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940802209153","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and safety of different methods of posterior subtenon injection","volume":"16","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2007.01578.x","article-title":"Intravitreal and posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide in idiopathic bilateral uveitic macular oedema","volume":"35","author":"Choudhry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(82)90197-0","article-title":"New visual acuity charts for clinical research","volume":"94","author":"Ferris","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.339","article-title":"Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis","volume":"129","author":"Lowder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.05.028","article-title":"Identifying a clinically meaningful threshold for change in uveitic macular edema evaluated by optical coherence tomography","volume":"152","author":"Sugar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib21","first-page":"385","article-title":"Posterior sub-Tenon\u2019s injections of corticosteroids in uveitis patients with cystoid macular edema","volume":"32","author":"Jennings","year":"1988","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73759-6","article-title":"The effects of posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide in patients with intermediate uveitis","volume":"120","author":"Helm","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.02.009","article-title":"Periocular triamcinolone acetonide injections for cystoid macular edema complicating noninfectious uveitis","volume":"152","author":"Leder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-008-0574-2","article-title":"Efficacy and complications of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory cystoid macular edema associated with intraocular inflammation","volume":"52","author":"Dong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9071.2001.00360.x","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone for cystoid macular oedema in uveitis","volume":"29","author":"Young","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00658-8","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone for uveitic cystoid macular edema: an optical coherence tomography study","volume":"108","author":"Antcliff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210801800318","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of refractory macular edema in idiopathic intermediate or posterior uveitis","volume":"18","author":"Hogewind","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940590933511","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for uveitic macular edema","volume":"13","author":"Androudi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02247.x","article-title":"Repeat intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injections in uveitic macular oedema","volume":"90","author":"Sallam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2010.6062","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide as adjunctive treatment with systemic therapy for uveitic macular edema","volume":"21","author":"Habot-Wilner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.3.309","article-title":"Randomized controlled study of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edema","volume":"125","author":"Kuppermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.12.033","article-title":"Dexamethasone posterior-segment drug delivery system in the treatment of macular edema resulting from uveitis or Irvine-Gass syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib33","first-page":"139","article-title":"Clinical applications of the sustained-release dexamethasone implant for treatment of macular edema","volume":"5","author":"Herrero-Vanrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2011.571209","article-title":"Dexamethasone for ocular inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Saraiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000343060","article-title":"Dexamethasone intravitreal implant: an effective adjunctive treatment for recalcitrant noninfectious uveitis","volume":"228","author":"Miserocchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5285","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant","volume":"52","author":"Chang-Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-009-0692-5","article-title":"Intraocular pressure elevation following triamcinolone acetonide administration as related to administration routes","volume":"53","author":"Hirano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.10.042","article-title":"Intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection","volume":"112","author":"Jonas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.06.067","article-title":"Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and intraocular pressure","volume":"138","author":"Smithen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.3.336","article-title":"Safety of an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: results from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"122","author":"Gillies","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.10.002","article-title":"Long-term incidence and timing of intraocular hypertension after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection","volume":"116","author":"Roth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702734","article-title":"Visual acuity and intraocular pressure after high-dose intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in selected ocular diseases","volume":"22","author":"Jonas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774516649595","article-title":"Quantifying over-estimation in early stopped clinical trials and the \u201cfreezing effect\u201d on subsequent research","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Trials"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642018311333?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642018311333?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T14:06:16Z","timestamp":1758981976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642018311333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642018311333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Periocular Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant for the Treatment of Uveitic Macular Edema","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.08.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}