{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:50:34Z","timestamp":1773913834412,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001311","name":"Ulverscroft Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001311","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chinese government","award":["953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000769","name":"University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Partnership for Child Development"},{"name":"World Bank\u2019s FY2009 Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T19:44:41Z","timestamp":1565811881000},"page":"27-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Randomized Noninferiority Trial of Wearing Adjustable Glasses versus Standard and Ready-made Spectacles among Chinese Schoolchildren"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Congyao Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoshan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8788-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bobby","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baixiang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongqiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhizheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9366-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mabel","family":"Crescioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5248-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"McAneney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3810-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Congdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.100538","article-title":"Millennium development goals and eye health","volume":"60","author":"Fall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X","article-title":"Causes of vision loss worldwide 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis","volume":"1","author":"Bourne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g5740","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5740","article-title":"Effect of providing free glasses on children\u2019s educational outcomes in China: cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"349","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041210","article-title":"Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004","volume":"86","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1051","article-title":"Refractive error and visual impairment in urban children in southern China","volume":"45","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00452-3","article-title":"Refractive error study in children: results from Shunyi district, China","volume":"129","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.4899","article-title":"Secular trends of reduced visual acuity from 1985 to 2010 and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2030 among primary and secondary school students in China","volume":"133","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.08.013","article-title":"Safety of spectacles for children\u2019s vision: a cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"160","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.3513","article-title":"Population prevalence of need for spectacles and spectacle ownership among urban migrant children in eastern China","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13250","article-title":"Accuracy of rural refractionists in western China","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2849","article-title":"Visual morbidity due to inaccurate spectacles among school children in rural China: the See Well to Learn Well Project, report 1","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib13","first-page":"66","article-title":"Better vision for the poor","volume":"9","author":"Karnani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stanford Social Innovation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.003","article-title":"The child self-refraction study: results from urban Chinese children in Guangzhou","volume":"118","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d4767","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4767","article-title":"Self-correction of refractive error among young people in rural China: results of cross sectional investigation","volume":"343","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13149","article-title":"Self-refraction, ready-made glasses and quality of life among rural myopic Chinese children: a non-inferiority randomized trial","volume":"95","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib17","article-title":"Spectacle design preferences among Chinese primary and secondary students and their parents: a qualitative and quantitative study","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00198.x","article-title":"Self-optimised vision correction with adaptive spectacle lenses in developing countries","volume":"24","author":"Douali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.004","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, clinical trial evaluating ready-made and custom spectacles delivered via a school-based screening program in China","volume":"116","author":"Zeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.051","article-title":"Visual function after correction of distance refractive error with ready-made and custom spectacles: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"119","author":"Brady","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(82)90197-0","article-title":"New visual acuity charts for clinical research","volume":"94","author":"Ferris","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.08.021","article-title":"Development of the National Eye Institute refractive error correction quality of life questionnaire: focus groups","volume":"110","author":"Berry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2002.07.001","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the National Eye Institute-Refractive Error Quality of Life instrument","volume":"110","author":"Hays","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib25","series-title":"National Eye Institute Refractive Error Quality of Life Instrument (NEI RQL-42), Version 1.0: A Manual for Scoring and Use","author":"Hays","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108091068","article-title":"Establishing non-inferiority in treatment trials in psychiatry: guidelines from an Expert Consensus Meeting","volume":"22","author":"Nutt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7048.36","article-title":"Trials to assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous methods","volume":"313","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0400400301","article-title":"Multiple imputation of missing values","author":"Royston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1001\/2012.jama.11235","article-title":"How to use a noninferiority trial: users\u2019 guides to the medical literature","volume":"308","author":"Mulla","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/2987937","article-title":"Measurement in medicine: the analysis of method comparison studies","volume":"32","author":"Altman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Statistician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012","article-title":"for the CONSORT Group: the revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration","volume":"134","author":"Altman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-11-59","article-title":"Reporting on covariate adjustment in randomised controlled trials before and after revision of the 2001 CONSORT statement: a literature review","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13280","article-title":"Defining the non-inferiority margin and analysing non-inferiority: an overview","volume":"83","author":"Althunian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642019318792?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642019318792?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T14:07:32Z","timestamp":1758982052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642019318792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642019318792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Randomized Noninferiority Trial of Wearing Adjustable Glasses versus Standard and Ready-made Spectacles among Chinese Schoolchildren","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}